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31.
Cycles of storm destruction and rebuilding of human facilities are as much a part of a predictable cycle of shoreline change
as destruction and re-establishment of landforms and wildlife habitat by natural processes. An evaluation of the human-induced
and natural geomorphic responses to three storms in two vulnerable developed areas in New Jersey reveals that storms can have
limited effect in re-establishing a natural coastal resource base of lasting significance. Reconstruction of coastal landscapes
by human action may be more rapid than natural restoration, decreasing the likelihood for geomorphic features to develop based
on natural processes. Reliance on storm processes to create new natural habitat in locations where there is human investment
in buildings and support infrastructure is not realistic unless a proactive stance is taken to include naturally-functioning
characteristics of the coastal system in reconstruction efforts. By striving to control construction of shorefront buildings
to reduce their potential for damage, managers may be taking attention away from the separate but critical issue of ensuring
that post-storm reconstruction effort include the potential for replacing loss of natural geomorphic features and wildlife
habitat. 相似文献
32.
Extinction Debt of Protected Areas in Developing Landscapes 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
CARLOS CARROLL REED F. NOSS† PAUL C. PAQUET‡ NATHAN H. SCHUMAKER§ 《Conservation biology》2004,18(4):1110-1120
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Remote sensing of the urban heat island and its changes in Xiamen City of SE China 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
World-wide urbanization has significantly modified the landscape, which has important climatic implications across all scales due to the simultaneous removal of natural land cover and introduction of urban materials. This resulted in a phenomenon known as an urban heat island(UHI). A study on the UHI in Xiamen of China was carried out using remote sensing technology. Satellite thermal infrared images were used to determine surface radiant temperatures. Thermal remote sensing data were obtained from band 6 of two Landsat TM/ETM^ images of 1989 and 2000 to observe the UHI changes over l l-year period. The thermal infrared bands were processed through several image enhancement technologies. This generated two 3-dimension-perspective images of Xiamen‘s urban heat island in 1989 and 2000, respectively, and revealed heat characteristics and spatial distribution features of the UHI. To find out the change of the UHI between 1989 and 2000, the two thermal images were first normalized and scaled to seven grades to reduce seasonal difference and then overlaid to produce a difference image by subtracting corresponding pixels. The difference image showed an evident development of the urban heat island in the 11 years. This change was due largely to the urban expansion with a consequent alteration in the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux. To quantitatively compare UHI, an index called Urban-Heat-Island Ratio Index(URI) was created. It can reveal the intensity of the UHI within the urban area. The calculation of the index was based on the ratio of UHI area to urban area. The greater the index, the more intense the UHI was. The calculation of the index for the Xiamen City indicated that the ratio of UHI area to urban area in 2000 was less than that in 1989. High temperatures in several areas in 1989 were reduced or just disappeared, such as those in old downtown area and Gulangyu lsland. For the potential mitigation of the UHI in Xiamen, a long-term heat island reduction strategy of planting shade trees and using light-colored, highly reflective roof and paving materials should be included in the plans of the city planers, environmental managers and other decision-makers to improve the overall urban environment in the future. 相似文献
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典型海岛生态系统服务及价值评估 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
海洋生态系统服务评估相关研究主要集中在特殊海洋生态系统的评估方面.海岛生态系统兼有陆地和海洋的生态系统特征,生态系统组成、结构复杂,很多的服务表现为岛陆互相交错,难以分别计量.选择庙岛群岛南五岛作为研究区域,研究了其生态系统服务,并进行了价值评估.结果表明:2003年庙岛群岛南五岛生态系统服务总价值为3.08×108元.其中,市场价值占到总服务价值的50.99%,与非市场价值基本持平.对于非市场生态系统服务,如气候调节、废弃物处理等,我们仅计算了目前人们已经认识到和容易计算的生态系统服务部分.因此,该研究仅为对庙岛群岛南五岛生态系统服务价值的保守估算. 相似文献
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城市区域光热资源特征 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
张一平 《城市环境与城市生态》1999,12(1):40-43
利用昆明城内外辐射、风湿产测资料,分析了昆明地区光温的日变化规律、城内外差异等特征,获得了昆明市有丰富的可利用光热资源的结论。 相似文献