Taxonomic Uncertainty and the Loss of Biodiversity on Christmas Island,Indian Ocean

The taxonomic uniqueness of island populations is often uncertain which hinders effective prioritization for conservation. The Christmas Island shrew (Crocidura attenuata trichura) is the only member of the highly speciose eutherian family Soricidae recorded from Australia. It is currently classified as a subspecies of the Asian gray or long‐tailed shrew (C. attenuata), although it was originally described as a subspecies of the southeast Asian white‐toothed shrew (C. fuliginosa). The Christmas Island shrew is currently listed as endangered and has not been recorded in the wild since 1984–1985, when 2 specimens were collected after an 80‐year absence. We aimed to obtain DNA sequence data for cytochrome b (cytb) from Christmas Island shrew museum specimens to determine their taxonomic affinities and to confirm the identity of the 1980s specimens. The Cytb sequences from 5, 1898 specimens and a 1985 specimen were identical. In addition, the Christmas Island shrew cytb sequence was divergent at the species level from all available Crocidura cytb sequences. Rather than a population of a widespread species, current evidence suggests the Christmas Island shrew is a critically endangered endemic species, C. trichura, and a high priority for conservation. As the decisions typically required to save declining species can be delayed or deferred if the taxonomic status of the population in question is uncertain, it is hoped that the history of the Christmas Island shrew will encourage the clarification of taxonomy to be seen as an important first step in initiating informed and effective conservation action.     

城市地表形态对热环境的影响——以上海市为例

基于遥感与GIS技术,利用Landsat7-ETM+影像反演地表温度,用社会经济统计数据、土地利用现状数据和道路交通网络数据计算城市景观形态参数以表征地表特征,从行政区(县)、5km间距同心环带和局部区块3个水平上划分空间单元建立数据样本,分析城市地表形态对热环境空间分布格局的影响。结果表明:(1)景观混合度和景观分裂度对地表温度有恒定的负向影响,区块连通性与地表温度负相关;(2)景观分裂度对热环境的影响取决于地类属性:分裂度大的增温地类,地表增温效应弱;分裂度大的降温地类,地表降温效应强;(3)人口密度和经济密度可对地表温度产生恒定正向影响;(4)人口密度、建设用地比例和房屋建筑比例是分布在区(县)尺度、同心圆环尺度和典型区块尺度上影响地表热环境最显著的地表形态要素。     

耐蚀高熵合金在岛礁装备中的应用前景

详细综述了南沙岛礁环境下装备的腐蚀特点以及耐蚀高熵合金的研究进展,着重分析了合金化元素及热处理工艺对耐蚀高熵合金腐蚀性能的影响规律.最终,归纳了耐蚀高熵合金在岛礁装备中的潜在应用领域,为全面提升我国关键装备在南沙岛礁环境中的服役能力提供了理论指导.     

基于G1-独立性权数法的热带海岛环境真空断路器状态评估

目的 提高热带海岛环境下真空断路器状态评估方法的全面性和准确性,为高温、高湿、高辐照、高盐雾气候环境下真空断路器的差异化运维和状态检修提供有效的数据基础.方法 统计分析热带海岛地区电力设备的缺陷类型和原因,构建断路器的环境状态评价指标,实现真空断路器的综合评价指标体系的拓展.采用序关系分析法(G1)和独立性权数法组合赋权,实现断路器运行状态的综合评估.结果 通过实例分析验证了此真空断路器评估方法的可行性,G1-独立性权数法综合考虑了专家主观经验及指标数据客观规律,能够降低指标间重复性信息对断路器评估结果的不利影响.结论 G1-独立性权数法有效计及了真空断路器所处的环境状态,综合考虑了主观经验和客观规律,能够减小指标间重复信息所导致的指标权重误差,保证了热带海岛环境下真空断路器评估结果的客观性和准确性.     

内陆城市热岛与湖风环流耦合特性研究

为探究湖泊等大型水体对内陆城市大气环境的影响,本文运用数值模拟的方法,引入KRB坐标变换,建立内陆城市热岛与湖风环流的模型,对比水箱实验验证数值模型的精确性,探究不同内陆城市湖泊面积和城-湖中心距大小对城市热岛影响,模拟结果表明：湖泊面积越大,近地面城市热岛羽流的偏移量越大,而当城-湖中心距增大的时候,近地面城市热岛羽流的偏移量则减小.在湖泊靠近城市时,湖风与城市气流协同作用产生较强的环流,对城市热岛羽流产生偏转作用;在湖泊远离城市时,湖风与城市上空气流发生对抗作用,并绕过城市热岛羽流顶部,与城市上空的分散流协同,在背风面产生增益效果.     

城市热岛效应增温对环境气温的影响

目的研究城市热岛效应对环境气温的影响。方法选用辽宁中西部地区中小城市及农村(CK)基准气候站1960—2015年的气温资料,采用数理统计学对照分析方法,对中小城市中气温年际变化特征及其城市热岛增温进行量化研究。结果城市气温在20世纪80年代后期存在明显的气候"突变"特征,气温的"突变"主要来自于城市化热岛的影响。对照农村气温变化,城市热岛使年平均气温增高0.65℃,城市热岛效应为147.7%。城市热岛使春、夏、秋、冬四季平均气温分别增高0.41、0.41、0.72、0.80℃,四季城市热岛效应分别为59.4%、256.3%、450.0%和106.7%。在年变化中,城市热岛效应增温最大值在1月份,9月至翌年3月对热岛增温贡献最大。结论气象监测站居于城市内,所测试的气温资料受城市热岛现象的影响,掩盖了自然气候变化的实际情况,造成气温监测结果偏高,致使农业及农业科研、土木建筑、桥涵建设在温度指标运用上受到影响。     

1989~2015年海口城市热环境与景观格局的时空演变及其相互关系

利用1989,1999,2007和2015年的4期Landsat 5TM/8OLI-TIRS遥感数据,综合应用遥感、地理信息系统、景观生态学和统计分析相结合的方法,探讨海口城市热环境与景观格局的时空演变关系.结果显示,1989~2015年间,海口城市陆地表面温度（LST）总体呈逐步上升的趋势.城市热岛面积逐步扩大,空间质心向西南方向转移,且在2007年以后转移速率明显加快;冷岛质心则向东部生态核心区转移.城市LST较高的区域往往与不透水表面分布一致,较低的LST与绿地或水体分布一致.4期绿地的平均LST比不透水表面低4.17℃,其中2015年绿地景观类型百分比（PLAND）每增加10%导致LST下降0.57℃;不透水表面每增加10%,LST则上升0.78℃.不同时期绿地和不透水表面的平均LST与PLAND、最大斑块指数（LPI）、聚集度指数（AI）均表现为一致的极显著相关关系,且相关性逐年增强,其中绿地为负相关,不透水表面为正相关;景观斑块的大小和聚集程度对城市LST有较大影响.研究结果可以拓展对城市热环境与景观格局时空演变关系的认识,为城市规划和决策者提供参考.     

Urban climate in the Tokyo metropolitan area in Japan

Long-term climate changes related with urbanization in Tokyo, Japan, and recent temperature and heavy rainfall distribution in the Tokyo metropolitan area are reviewed. A relatively high temperature increase in annual mean temperature at the rate of 3.0°C/century was detected in Tokyo for the period 1901–2015. Some observational evidence showed the existence of both thermal and mechanical effects of urbanization on recent heavy rainfall occurrences, and modeling studies also support precipitation enhancement. Urban influences were recognized in other climatological elements, such as number of fog days, relative humidity, and wind circulation.     

海岛旅游开发生态影响及保护对策研究

海岛是相对独立的地理单元,生态系统较为脆弱,旅游开发将对海岛带来环境影响.为保护和利用海岛的旅游资源和自然环境,以蜈支洲岛旅游开发为例,采用矩阵法识别海岛开发生态影响因子,建立了水土流失、土壤、沙滩、植被、保护动植物、珊瑚、珊瑚生态、景观等评价指标体系,采用模型预测和类比分析等方法预测、分析和评价旅游开发活动的生态影响,并提出减缓对策,从而避免旅游开发造成岛屿的生态破坏,维护岛屿生态系统的完整性.     

Is everyone hot in the city? Spatial pattern of land surface temperatures,land cover and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics in Baltimore,MD

Urban heat island effect refers to the phenomenon that ambient air and surface temperatures in urban areas are several degrees higher than surrounding rural areas. Higher temperatures not only impact the comfort of urban dwellers, but also increase energy use, ozone production, and the risk of death for humans in a heat wave. Our research focuses on the variation in land surface temperature in the Gywnns Fall Watershed, Maryland. We found that land surface temperature is highly variable spatially, resulting in "hotspots" within the heat island. We further explore how this temperature variation relates to social factors on the scale of the census-based block group. We show that land surface temperature is statistically higher in block groups that are characterized by low income, high poverty, less education, more ethnic minorities, more elderly people and greater risk of crime. These variables were mapped to evaluate the spatial relationship of land surface temperatures to social factors. This spatially explicit approach facilitates identification of specific areas to prioritize for heat prevention and intervention efforts. We demonstrate, through an exercise, how incorporating data on land surface temperature and social factors into heat intervention strategies could contribute to efficient allocation of limited resources and services. The exercise also indicates where heat prevention efforts, such as tree-planting programs, are most needed to help reduce heat exposure and moderate the urban heat island effect.