分离岛式地铁站可用安全疏散时间计算与比较分析*

为研究大客流地铁车站风险因素,提出车站疏散能力分析的基本要素,结合某分离岛式地下车站,采用规范计算及精细网格模型对可用安全疏散时间进行计算与比较分析。结果表明:楼扶梯的通过效率、车站结构形式、疏散人员的数量及分布情况等因素对仿真模拟的结果产生影响;《地铁安全疏散规范》（GB/T 33668—2017）综合考虑了疏散至楼扶梯入口时间、楼扶梯上平均滞留时间及通道非均匀性偏差时间等,与仿真模拟结果的吻合度较高。研究结果可为国内类似车站的安全疏散设计及运营疏散组织提供参考。     

河湖水环境问题及管理和治理模式

本文首先介绍了我国当前的河湖水环境现状,分析了我国水资源存在的一系列问题,主要问题包括水体污染和富营养化;河湖面积严重萎缩,河湖水的功能逐渐退化;难以降解的有机污染物污染量加大。有针对性地提出了改善我国河湖水环境的管理以及治理模式,进一步落实了保护河湖水环境工作,加强水资源周围生态环境的文明建设,实现河湖水环境的可持续发展。     

The Influence of Chironomus plumosus Larvae on Nutrient Fluxes and Phosphorus Fractions in Aluminum Treated Lake Sediment

One of the methods to diminish the internal phosphorus (P) loading is inactivation of P by aluminum (Al). After addition of Al to lake water an Al(OH)₃ floc is formed, which settles to the bottom and initially form a lid on the sediment surface. The effects of Chironomus plumosus larvae on sediment nutrient fluxes and P binding-sites in the sediment after addition of Al were tested. C. plumosus larvae were added to sediment cores in which sediment–water fluxes of nutrients were measured four times. After one month, the sediment was sectioned with depth and P fractions were measured by sequential chemical extraction. The chironomids created burrows through the Al layer which caused a significantly increased efflux of P from the Al treated sediment, because the P had only limited contact to the added Al. The chironomids also affected the P fractions in the sediment by their bioturbating activity. Thus, they caused increased Al concentrations in the upper part of the Al treated sediment. This created an enhanced contact between Al and P in the upper 7 cm of the sediment and, as a result, an increased binding of P to Al and a lowered porewater P. The DIP efflux is therefore expected to be lowered after the initial phase. Al had no effects on the nitrogen fluxes, but the chironomids enhanced the release, and decreased the release or increased the uptake by the sediments.     

Changes in soil characteristics and plant species composition along a moisture gradient in a Mediterranean pasture

Soil physicochemical characteristics, total aboveground biomass, number of species and relative abundance of groups and individual species were measured along a moisture gradient in a pasture, flooded in part during winter through early summer, adjacent to Pamvotis lake in Ioannina, Greece. Soil and vegetation measurements were conducted in 39 quadrats arranged in four zones perpendicular to the moisture gradient. The zone closest to the lake, recently separated from the lake, became part of the pasture and its soil texture was quite different from that of the other zones with a substrate containing 91% sand. Except for pH, this zone had the lowest values in the other five soil physicochemical characteristics measured (organic matter, total and extracted inorganic nitrogen, Olsen extracted phosphorus and extractable potassium); in the other zones organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium tended to increase from the driest to the wettest zone. Total aboveground biomass, ranging from 280 to 840 gm-2, is high for herbaceous pastures in the conditions of Mediterranean climate and it was not related to distance from the lake's shoreline, although the highest values were measured at intermediate distances, or to any of the various soil characteristics measured. Also, the number of species/0.25 m2 was not related to any of the various soil characteristics, but it was highest at the intermediate distances from the lake's shoreline. Species composition varied along the moisture gradient. Forbs as well as annual grasses and legumes declined in abundance from the driest to the wettest places; the reverse was the case for sedges and perennial grasses and legumes. These results indicate that the soil moisture gradient was the principal factor affecting soil characteristics and plant species composition. Since most species were recorded in all the four zones of the pasture, indicating that these can tolerate all variations in abiotic conditions of pasture, the vegetation zonation seems to be influenced by competition. Each functional group of species tends to dominate in a particular range of the soil moisture gradient where it is better suited and tends to exclude competitively other species. Management practices (mowing and grazing) affect the kinds of processes which maintain the observed community structure either by preventing the establishment of later successional species, like reeds and woody species, or by moderating the shoot competition, especially in the wetter zones, and thus permitting the creeping species to grow successfully.     

Assessing the Effects of Alternative Setback Channel Constraint Scenarios Employing a River Meander Migration Model

River channel migration and cutoff events within large river riparian corridors create heterogeneous and biologically diverse landscapes. However, channel stabilization (riprap and levees) impede the formation and maintenance of riparian areas. These impacts can be mitigated by setting channel constraints away from the channel. Using a meander migration model to measure land affected, we examined the relationship between setback distance and riparian and off-channel aquatic habitat formation on a 28-km reach of the Sacramento River, California, USA. We simulated 100 years of channel migration and cutoff events using 11 setback scenarios: 1 with existing riprap and 10 assuming setback constraints from about 0.5 to 4 bankfull channel widths (bankfull width: 235 m) from the channel. The percentage of land reworked by the river in 100 years relative to current (riprap) conditions ranged from 172% for the 100-m constraint setback scenario to 790% for the 800-m scenario. Three basic patterns occur as the setback distance increases due to different migration and cutoff dynamics: complete restriction of cutoffs, partial restriction of cutoffs, and no restriction of cutoffs. Complete cutoff restriction occurred at distances less than about one bankfull channel width (235 m), and no cutoff restriction occurred at distances greater than about three bankfull widths (∼700 m). Managing for point bars alone allows the setbacks to be narrower than managing for cutoffs and aquatic habitat. Results suggest that site-specific “restriction of cutoff” thresholds can be identified to optimize habitat benefits versus cost of acquired land along rivers affected by migration processes.     

风浪扰动对太湖水体重金属形态的影响

对不同风浪条件下水体中的悬浮颗粒物,采用ICP-AES测定其中Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn,Al,Fe和Mn不同形态的含量.研究表明,水体中Al,Fe,Co,Cr,Pb和Ni可提取态含量随风浪扰动程度的增强其含量均有不同程度的增大. Mn,Zn和Cu在7m·s-1风浪下含量最高,11m·s-1风浪次之,2m·s-1风浪最小.7m·s-1风浪与2m·s-1风浪相比,水体中Mn, Co, Cr, Zn, Cu和Ni的B1, B2, B3态含量增加3-20倍.11m·s-1风浪与7m·s-1风浪相比,Co, Cr和Ni的B1态含量分别增加31.1%-76.8%,Mn, Zn和Cu分别减少22.1%-38.6%; Cr,Zn和Ni的B2态含量增加12.1%-50.2%, Mn减少65.6%, Co和Cu的含量相当; Co和Ni的B3态含量增加15.4%-10.3%,Cr,Mn,Zn和Cu略微减少.水体中的金属主要以Fe-Mn氧化物结合态存在,且金属的三态比例随风浪的变化不明显. Mn的生物有效性最高,Zn,Cu和Ni次之,毒性较大的Pb和Cr的生物有效性较低.Al, Fe和Pb的Fe-Mn氧化物结合态比例非常高,约有74.56%-100%. Co,Cr和Ni的有机结合态比例较高,且Co和 Ni的三态比例比较均一,Cu的B3态较低.     

Spatial distribution of aerosol pollution based on MODIS data over Beijing, China

With the help of regression analysis,the relationships were detected between aerosol's contribution to apparent reflectance(ACR) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)on board Terra and hourly PM_(10)mass concentration measured at 30 ground-based locations in Beijing for the August of 2003 and 2004.It was shown that there was a good correlation between the ACR and PM_(10)(linear correlation coefficient,R=0.56).On the basis of this relationship,spatial distribution and possible sources of PM_(10)derived from MODIS were analyzed and two frequently heavily-polluted regions were found,namely downtown of the city and the district near Xishan Mountain.These two regions coincidently are also urban heat island centers.The foundings of this paper will be greatly useful for environmental monitoring and urban planning for Beijing,especially for the 2008 Olympic game to be held in Beijing.     

月湖底栖动物的空间格局及其对水草可恢复区的指示

底质适宜是富营养湖泊恢复沉水植物(水草)的重要前提。大型底栖动物可综合指示底质的污染程度,于2002~2003年在武汉月湖开展了底栖动物水平分布对水草可恢复区指示作用的研究。首先通过月湖底栖动物与环境的相关分析,选择颤蚓科寡毛类作为底质营养状况的指示类群,然后利用同类湖泊群颤蚓与水草数据分析阈值,初步确定颤蚓密度≤100 ind/m2的底质适合水草生长,最后绘制月湖颤蚓分布的水平等值线,显示水草恢复的合适区域。在此基础上构建了应用底栖动物空间格局指示水草恢复区的技术原理框架。     

武汉湖泊富营养化遥感调查与评价

利用武汉东湖各子湖多年可靠的地面监测资料和1999年9月Landsat-7的TM各波段的卫星遥感数据,建立了各子湖的营养状态指数与TMb5图像上的灰度值之间的线性关系模型,并运用该模型对武汉各湖泊进行富营养化评价。同时基于地面监测资料,用日本学者相崎守弘提出的修正富营养化指数法对武汉主要湖泊的富营养化程度进行评价。两种方法评价结果都显示,武汉大多数湖泊呈富营养化状态,一些湖泊已接近甚至达到极富营养化。在用两种方法同时评价的十个湖泊中,有四个湖泊的评价结果完全一致,其余的六个湖泊富营养化程度只相差一个级别。两种方法评价结果存在差异,可能有以下三个原因;（1）遥感方法反映了是图像所在时段的某一个区域上的平均值,营养化指数法反映的是若干个采样站的年平均值;（2）TM图像的获取时间比地面监测的时间晚;（3）遥感影像可能受到云、泥沙等悬浮物、高等水生植物以及湖泊水深等的影响。遥感评价结果与地面监测结果基本一致,利用遥感进行湖泊水体富营养化监测价是可行的,有效的,利用该方法可进行大范围的湖泊富营养化调查评价。     

Regional impervious surface estimation: an urban heat island application

This paper describes a GIS-based estimation method that can be used to forecast future amounts of impervious surface as a mitigation measure for urban heat island effect in a metropolitan region. The method is unique because it employs a regression model that links the existing amount of impervious surface to population and employment at the census tract level. This approach provides a means to forecast future amounts of impervious surface based on projected population and employment. The method also includes a detailed analysis of high-resolution aerial photography to divide impervious surfaces into different categories. Subdividing impervious surfaces is necessary to evaluate potential urban heat island mitigation policies for different types of impervious surface. The analysis here shows that the impervious surface in the metropolitan Atlanta region will increase to 2638 km2 2. “The Albedo is defined as the hemispherical reflectivity averaged over the solar spectrum. A perfect reflector has a = 1, and a perfect absorber has a = 0” (Pomerantz et al. 1999 Pomerantz, M. 1999. Reflective surfaces for cooler buildings and cities. Philosophical magazine B, 79: 1457–1476. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] [Google Scholar], p. 1458). View all notes in 2030, an increase of 45% from 2000. The most common type of impervious surface is dark-coloured pavement. Within this study area, the analyses showed that two-thirds of impervious surfaces are dark. Replacing dark pavement with light pavement materials, therefore, represents an important opportunity to mitigate the urban heat island effect in the Atlanta region.