Optimal Pollution Trading Without Pollution Reductions: A Note1

García, Jorge H., Matthew T. Heberling, and Hale W. Thurston, 2011. Optimal Pollution Trading Without Pollution Reductions: A Note. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):52‐58. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00476.x Abstract: Various kinds of water pollution occur in pulses (e.g., agricultural and urban runoff). Ecosystems, such as wetlands, can serve to regulate these pulses and smooth pollution distributions over time. This smoothing reduces total environmental damages when “instantaneous” damages are marginally increasing. This paper introduces a water quality trading model between a farm (a pulse‐pollution source) and a firm (a more steady pollution source) where the object of exchange is the “temporary” retention of runoff as opposed to total runoff reductions. The optimal trading ratio requires firm emissions to be offset by more than a proportional retention of the initial agricultural runoff pulse. The reason is twofold: (1) emissions are steady or constant over time and, in this sense, have relatively larger environmental impact; and (2) certain kinds of runoff management cause delayed environmental damages.     

LPG站内集合管空化区数值模拟

由集合管流入各支管的液化石油气(LPG),因局部压力降的存在会产生空化现象,产生微小气泡.当气泡溃灭时形成极大的冲击压强和微射流,形成气蚀极易对管线造成损害剥蚀.针对液化石油气通过各个支管空化的影响因素进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明:在外部条件不变的条件下,随着管内压力降的增大,焊缝处的湍动能变大,空化数变小,空化范围变大,空化效应增强;管道的管径越大,空化强度越高,空化数越小,汽含率越高;模拟结果符合现场实际,为集合管的维护提供了一定的理论指导.     

渐变型多孔介质中低浓度瓦斯燃烧特性数值模拟

利用模拟软件Fluent6.3建立二维模型并进行合理设置,对多孔介质中的煤矿低浓度瓦斯燃烧进行数值模拟,研究了均匀型和渐变型燃烧器中的温度分布和NOx生成情况,以及三种不同渐变型多孔介质组合燃烧器中的温度分布和NOx生成情况。结果表明,渐变型多孔介质燃烧器的温度分布比均匀型燃烧器更加均匀;同一瓦斯当量比和流速下,渐变型多孔介质燃烧器的NOx产生量比均匀型燃烧器低很多,有利于减少污染物排放;三种不同渐变型多孔介质组合的温度分布和NOx生成有着不同特点,燃烧器设计时,可根据不同需求选取不同组合形式,综合考虑各因素,组合一燃烧特性最佳。     

基于满意度的热风炉变论域模糊控制

针对热风炉具有参数时变、强干扰、非线性等特点,其最佳空燃比难以确定的问题,提出一种基于模糊满意度的变论域模糊控制方法。首先通过在线获得加热过程的状态参数,采用满意度函数对空燃比进行评价,并将该评价结果和炉温变化作为变论域模糊控制方法的输入来实时获取最优的空燃比值,从而保证热风炉炉温的温度控制。实际运行结果证实了该系统的有效性。     

基于激光雷达和超级站监测的一次沙尘过程分析

利用南京市气溶胶激光雷达网和草场门超级站监测数据,对2022年3月2—3日南京地区一次沙尘污染过程的垂直特征和地面PM_2.5组分变化进行了分析。结果表明,草场门、八卦洲和土桥3处点位的气溶胶激光雷达均观测到消光系数和退偏振比在凌晨至清晨时段有垂直分层现象,说明高空输入的沙尘气团位于城市污染气团上空,而此时地面PM_2.5组分以二次无机盐(硝酸盐、硫酸盐和铵盐)为主。中午前后,各高度的退偏振比及消光系数发生突变,主要是由高空输入沙尘和城市污染气团的垂直混合引起的。随着日间大气垂直交换的加大,PM_2.5中地壳物质的浓度均值和占比显著上升,其中浓度从3 μg/m³升高至5 μg/m³,占比从3%上升至10%。     

动态稀释校准仪对VOCs自动监测系统的影响

基于环境空气VOCs自动监测系统中动态稀释校准仪在相同稀释比和不同稀释流量条件下,对仪器测试结果误差的影响进行研究,指出了当前环境空气VOCs自动监测普遍使用的校准仪的不足之处。选取臭氧前体物(PAMS) 57种有机化合物,以不同稀释总流量,分别测试0. 5和1. 0 nmol/mol的平均检出限以及平均回测偏差,结果显示,在输出流量1 000 m L/min时,平均检出限分别在0. 02～0. 17和0. 01～0. 10 nmol/mol;平均回测偏差在-12%～26%和-28%～10%。当总输出流量 1 000 m L/min时,多点曲线各浓度点重复性5%。     

反硝化颗粒污泥在纳米零价铁胁迫下的性能恢复

为探明纳米零价铁(nZVI)对反硝化颗粒污泥(DGS)潜在的胁迫效应,本研究通过连续多批次实验,考察了经历n ZVI短期冲击后,DGS反硝化活性在不同C/N比条件下的恢复情况.结果表明,当nZVI投加量高于5 mg·L~(-1)时,DGS比反硝化速率(μ)会出现下降,对应的比反硝化抑制率(IR)与基质C/N比、nZVI投加量呈现正相关.当nZVI投加量达到100 mg·L~(-1)时,胞外蛋白与多糖含量均明显降低.此时,充足的外加碳源(C/N≥4)将有助于促进DGS反硝化活性的恢复和减少去除单位硝态氮所消耗的COD值.由Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温线的拟合结果可知,基质C/N比越高,DGS对n ZVI的吸附能力就越强.在恢复期内,泥相中总铁含量(Qe)的持续削减为高C/N比条件下,DGS反硝化活性的提升创造了有利条件.当Qe降至0.4 mg·g~(-1)以下时,μ值可达到或接近对照组的水平.     

北京市25种公路绿化植物及配置模式的绿量

计量研究公路绿地的生态服务功能有助于科学评估公路绿化的无形价值。以北京市顺义区顺平路(S305)的绿化植物群落为研究对象,运用WinScanopy For Canopy Analysis冠层分析仪采集数据,研究了公路绿化常见植物及配置模式的绿量率,并建立了25种公路绿化常见植物的绿量率模型,以期为公路绿化树种选择和群落配置提供基础分析与参考。结果表明:阔叶乔木的绿量率在3.02~4.80之间,针叶乔木的绿量率集中在4~6之间,灌木植物的绿量率较小,种植紧凑的绿篱绿量率达到3.94;不同配置模式的群落绿量率大小顺序依次为:针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林>灌木群落。其研究结果为公路绿化建设和绿地生态效益的计量提供了科学依据。     

Queen–worker–brood coadaptation rather than conflict may drive colony resource allocation in the ant Temnothorax curvispinosus

Conflicts of interest among genetically heterogeneous nestmates in social insect colonies have been emphasized as driving colony resource allocation. However, potential intracolonial conflicts may not actually be realized so that resource allocation could be shaped primarily by among-colony selection that maximizes colony productivity. To elucidate the causal basis of patterns of resource allocation, I experimentally manipulated three fundamental aspects of colony social structure (relatedness among workers, relatedness among larvae, and queen presence) in the ant Temnothorax curvispinosus and measured effects on colony resource allocation to new workers, gynes, and males. The experimental manipulations had widespread effects on patterns of colony resource allocation, but there was little evidence for realized conflicts over the sex ratio and caste ratio. Decreasing nestmate relatedness caused decreased colony productivity, suggesting that more closely related nestmates have more favorably interacting phenotypes. Together, these results suggest that resource allocation in T. curvispinosus may be shaped more by among-colony selection than intracolonial conflict, leading to queen–worker–brood coadaptation.