深圳市显著排放VOCs的园林植物调查与分析

对深圳地区的主要园林树种、地带性植被的代表种共计158种植物释放的生物源的挥发性有机物（biogenic volatileorganic compounds,BVOCs）采用流动式、封闭式采样法采样,运至美国进行GC-MS分析测量.结果表明,短穗鱼尾葵（Caryotamitis）、海红豆（Adenanthera pavonina var.microsperma）、杧果（Mangifera indica）、海漆（Excoecoria agalloch）等31种植物具有释放异戊二烯的能力;另有鸡蛋果（Passiflora edulis）、小琴丝竹（Bambusa glaucescens cv.silverstripe）、山苍子（Litsea cubeba）、大型双子铁（Dioon spinulosum）等52种植物具有释放单萜烯类化合物的能力.对红树植物的测量表明,该类植物普遍具有释放单萜烯的能力.上述结果为建立深圳及周边地区的环境质量模型提供了重要数据,同时也可为我国热带亚热带城市大面积绿化以及经济林、生态林和防护林等的树种选择提供参考.     

广州大气中异戊二烯浓度变化特征、化学活性和来源分析

在广州番禺大气成分站(GPACS)应用在线监测仪器对异戊二烯进行长达1年的观测,获得异戊二烯浓度变化特征、大气化学活性和来源规律.结果表明:广州地区异戊二烯日均浓度为1.12 ppbv,由于受光照和温度影响较大,各月日均浓度在0.07~2.72 ppbv范围内波动.异戊二烯在冬季的日变化规律与其他季节不同,呈现双峰值变化,较大峰值出现在下午14:00,主要受光照和温度影响;较小峰值出现在晚上22:00左右,主要受机动车排放影响.采用最大增量活性(Maximum Incremental Reactivity,MIR)因子加权法和等效丙烯浓度法均发现异戊二烯的大气化学活性在监测的VOCs物种中最强,分别占总活性的15.45%和36.74%.通过异戊二烯与机动车标志性物质3-甲基戊烷、顺-2-丁烯的比值发现,广州地区异戊二烯在冬季夜晚主要来源于机动车排放,在秋季和春季夜晚也受到机动车排放影响,而夏季夜晚受机动车排放最不明显.这主要是由于在冬季、秋季和春季,监测点主要受到来自广州城区污染物输送的影响,而在夏季污染物从广州郊区输送使监测点受机动车排放的影响很小.异戊二烯与3-甲基戊烷、顺-2-丁烯在各季节的白天都没有线性关系,表明白天异戊二烯的排放受机动车的影响不大.     

北京森林BVOCs排放特征及对区域空气质量的影响

利用林业二类调查蓄积资料,广泛调研植物源挥发性有机物（BVOCs）排放因子的最新研究成果,运用光温影响模型对北京森林BVOCs排放特征进行研究,并分析其对区域空气质量的影响.结果显示,2015年北京森林BVOCs排放量平均值为27.97×10⁹g C/a,变化域值范围为（9.46~76.45）×10⁹g C/a,其中异戊二烯、单萜烯和其他VOCs贡献率分别为75.09%、15.62%和9.29%.不同树种间BVOCs排放量差异较大,杨树和栎树是主要的异戊二烯排放源,贡献率分别为63.16%和25.92%;油松是主要的单萜烯排放源,贡献率为40.90%.不同龄级林对BVOCs排放的贡献不同,中龄林贡献率最大,占总量的39.14%.BVOCs排放呈夏季高、冬季低的特征,春、夏、秋、冬排放量分别占全年的12.55%、77.48%、9.76%和0.21%.BVOCs对O₃生成潜势的贡献量为240.51×10⁹g,其中异戊二烯占92.66%,是主要的贡献者;对二次有机气溶胶（SOA）生成潜势的贡献量为1.73×10⁹g,异戊二烯和单萜烯分别占24.26%和75.73%.研究表明,北京森林BVOCs排放会导致大气年均SOA浓度增加0.94μg/m³,O₃浓度上升9.01μg/m³,特别是对夏季O₃污染具有较大贡献.建议城市绿化时应从有助于空气质量改善的角度考虑树种的VOCs排放能力.     

南岭箭竹生物源挥发性有机物排放特征

本研究于2018年9～11月采用动态顶空套袋法采样与热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用(TD-GC-MS)分析技术,获得了南岭箭竹排放的20种生物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的排放组成特征与排放速率.结果表明,异戊二烯是南岭箭竹排放的最主要的BVOCs,其排放速率((1.36±0.99)x104μgC/(m2·h))远高于单萜烯...     

An Estimate of Biogenic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds during Summertime in China (7 pp)

Background and Aim An accurate estimation of biogenic emissions of VOC (volatile organic compounds) is necessary for better understanding a series of current environmental problems such as summertime smong and global climate change. However, very limited studies have been reported on such emissions in China. The aim of this paper is to present an estimate of biogenic VOC emissions during summertime in China, and discuss its uncertainties and potential areas for further investigations. Materials and Methods This study was mainly based on field data and related research available so far in China and abroad, including distributions of land use and vegetations, biomass densities and emission potentials. VOC were grouped into isoprene, monoterpenes and other VOC (OVOC). Emission potentials of forests were determined for 22 genera or species, and then assigned to 33 forest ecosystems. The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis database was used as standard environmental conditions. A typical summertime of July 1999 was chosen for detailed calculations. Results and Discussion The biogenic VOC emissions in China in July were estimated to be 2.3×10¹²gC, with 42% as isoprene, 19% as monoterpenes and 39% as OVOC. About 77.3% of the emissions are generated-from forests and woodlands. The averaged emission intensity was 4.11 mgC m⁻² hr⁻¹ for forests and 1.12 mgC m⁻² hr⁻¹ for all types of vegetations in China during the summertime. The uncertainty in the results arose from both the data and the assumptions used in the extrapolations. Generally, uncertainty in the field measurements is relatively small. A large part of the uncertainty mainly comes from the taxonomic method to assign emission potentials to unmeasured species, while the ARGR method serves to estimate leaf biomass and the emission algorithms to describe light and temperature dependence. Conclusions This study describes a picture of the biogenic VOC emissions during summertime in China. Due to the uneven spatial and temporal distributions, biogenic VOC emissions may play an important role in the tropospheric chemistry during summertime. Recommendations and Perspectives Further investigations are needed to reduce uncertainties involved in the related factors such as emission potentials, leaf biomass, species distribution as well as the mechanisms of the emission activities. Besides ground measurements, attention should also be placed on other techniques such as remotesensing and dynamic modeling. These new approaches, combined with ground measurements as basic database for calibration and evaluation, can hopefully provide more comprehensive information in the research of this field. Submission Editor: Prof. Dr. Gerhard Lammel (lammel@recetox.muni.cz)     

秋季黄海与渤海异戊二烯含量的分布及海-气通量

为深入研究我国近海异戊二烯的生物地球化学过程及气候效应,于2013年11月6—23日(秋季)在黄海、渤海海域设25个采样点采集海水样品,其中在A断面4个采样点采集不同深度海水样品,运用吹扫捕集-气质联用法对海水中c(异戊二烯)进行分析,研究其分布规律及影响因素,并对异戊二烯的海-气通量进行了探讨. 结果表明:①表层海水中c(异戊二烯)的范围为10.76~48.67 pmol/L,平均值为(22.85±10.52)pmol/L,其水平分布呈北高南低的特征;②c(异戊二烯)与ρ(Chla)(Chla为叶绿素a)呈正相关(R=0.643 4,n=25,P<0.000 4),说明浮游植物生物量是影响研究海域内c(异戊二烯)水平分布与变化规律的重要因素;③调查期间c(异戊二烯)在A断面上的垂直分布较为均匀且没有出现明显分层现象;④表层海水中异戊二烯处于过饱和状态,其海-气释放通量范围为6.26~449.81 nmol/(m2·d),平均值为(91.62±109.75)nmol/(m2·d). 研究显示,我国陆架海区可能是全球海洋、大气异戊二烯重要的源,相关的调查研究工作亟需展开.      

深圳大气中VOCs的二次有机气溶胶生成潜势

使用气溶胶生成系数法和产率法,对深圳四季5种芳香烃和异戊二烯所生成的二次有机气溶胶(SOA)量分季节计算并比较得出:四季中除春季外,其余三季产率法计算得到的SOA量均高于生成系数法计算的结果,四季所生成SOA的平均值分别为(2.48±2.02)μg/m3和(2.10±1.21)μg/m3. 2种方法计算结果均为夏季SOA的生成量最大,秋季和冬季次之,春季最小.生成系数法计算得出人为源和天然源的贡献分别为96%和4%,而产率法得到两种源的贡献分别为86%和14%.将生成系数法和产率法计算得到的夏季SOA值与实测值进行比较,发现计算值均低于实测值,分别占实测值的21%和31%.最后计算芳香烃和异戊二烯的自由基反应速率得出,与OH自由基反应是其生成SOA最主要的途径,比例为75%,与NO3自由基和O3的反应比例分别为22%和3%.在生成SOA速度上,苯乙烯的速度最快,苯的速度最慢.     

落叶阔叶树异戊二烯排放研究

采用封闭式采样方法及光离子化气体分析仪直接分析技术测定了１２种北京市主要绿化树种的异戊二烯排放速率。结果表明：法国梧桐,龙爪槐、杨树和柳树为强异戊二烯排放树种;     

大气硫酸酯研究进展

硫酸酯是一类含有-OSO_3H基团的有机化合物。它在大气中普遍存在。异戊二烯、单萜、倍半萜、芳烃、醛等均可通过大气自由基反应或非均相反应生成硫酸酯。本文在充分研读已有文献的基础上,总结探讨硫酸酯的分子结构、形成机制、分析方法以及硫酸酯对气溶胶有机物的贡献。最后,对未来研究的热点方向加以展望。     

A biogenic volatile organic compounds emission inventory for Yunnan Province

Introduction Volatile organic compounds(VOC) are very important tothe chemical composition of ambient atmosphere. Ozone isformed through the photochemical reactions of VOC of bothanthropogenic and biogenic origin with oxides of nitrogen(NOx), …