Acetochlor as a soil pollutant

Acetochlor is a widely used herbicide all over the world. Similarly to other organic pollutants, the environmental fate of the acetochlor is strongly related to its adsorption properties. Static adsorption equilibrium measurements were carried out at 25 degrees C on different types of Hungarian soils characterized by varying amounts of organic matter and pH values. Isotherms obtained under different conditions, as well as on various soils, exhibit a similar shape, thus indicating a two-step adsorption process. The plots cannot be interpreted according to the classes of isotherms suggested by Giles. The adsorption coefficients (K) were estimated from the initial slope of the curves. These values were determined not only by the type of the soil, but also by the composition of the aqueous media. The organic matter adsorption coefficients (Kom) were also calculated and they were approximately identical for soils of high organic matter. Due to the low value of the adsorption coefficients, the acetochlor is a rather mobile pollutant of the soil posing a potential danger to the aquatic environment. For soils with high organic content, the Kom values are similar to each other and, due to the significant coverage of the inorganic surfaces, the adsorption is controlled by the solute-organic substance interactions. The adsorption of weakly polar compounds, however, is remarkable even on those soils where the organic content is low. In this case, the binding is governed by the solute-inorganic surface interactions. This conclusion is nicely proved by the adsorption of the acetochlor on quartz. According to our hypothesis, the second part of the adsorption step is controlled by the solute-adsorbed solute interactions. The role of the organic matter in this region of the isotherm is probably negligible. As the organic matter content of the soils plays an important role in the acetochlor adsorption, humic substances must have a strong influence upon the transport of this compound. Experiments to obtain adsorption isotherms of further pesticides and the development of a quantitative model are in progress.     

Sorption and desorption hysteresis of organic contaminants by kerogen in a sandy aquifer material

Sorption and desorption hysteresis of 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene were investigated for the Borden aquifer material with total organic carbon of 0.021% and the isolated natural organic matter (NOM). The isolated NOM is a kerogen type of organic matter with relatively low maturation degree and contained many different types of organic matters including vitrinite particles. The modified Freundlich sorption capacities (logK^′_f and logK^′_foc) are very close for the sorption of the four solutes by the isolated NOM and the original sand, respectively. Isotherm non-linearity (n value) and hysteric behaviors are related to solute molecular properties (e.g. K_ow and molecular size). Kerogen encapsulated by inorganic matrices in the original aquifer may not be accessed fully by solutes. The larger the hydrophobic organic chemical (HOC) (hydrophobic organic contaminant) molecule is, the lower accessibility of the HOC to kerogen. This study disputes widely held hypothesis that sorption to mineral surfaces may play a major role in the overall sorption by low TOC (e.g. 0.1% by mass) geomaterials such as Borden sand. It also demonstrates the importance of the condensed NOM domain, even at very low contents, in the sorption and desorption hysteresis of HOCs in groundwater systems.     

Simultaneous estimation of effective and apparent diffusion coefficients in compacted bentonite

Effective diffusion coefficients (D(e)) are usually measured by means of "through-diffusion" experiments in which steady state is reached, and the "time-lag" methods are used to estimate the apparent diffusion coefficient (D(a)). For sorbing radionuclides (as caesium), the time needed to reach steady-state conditions is very large, and the precision in D(a) determinations is not satisfactory. In this paper, a method that allows determining simultaneously effective and apparent diffusion coefficients in compacted bentonite without reaching steady-state conditions is described. Basically, this method consists of an "in-diffusion" experiment in which the concentration profile in the bentonite sample is used to estimate D(a), and the temporal evolution of the solute concentration in the reservoir is used to estimate D(e). This method has several advantages over the typical "through-diffusion" experiments, in particular: (a) experiment duration is significantly shorter, (b) D(a) values are measured with greater precision and (c) it is not necessary to maintain a constant solute concentration in the reservoir. This new method has been used to estimate the effective and apparent diffusion coefficients for caesium in FEBEX bentonite and in order to validate it, the results have been compared with results previously obtained with standard methods. Experimental results have been satisfactorily modelled using a simple model of diffusion in porewater and the measured value of D(e)(Cs) is very similar to D(e)(HTO) in the same bentonite. There is no evidence of "surface diffusion" in FEBEX bentonite for caesium.     

生物吸附剂-海黍子吸附镍

采用生物吸附剂-海黍子对重金属镍离子进行吸附，做了动力学实验，得到了海黍子吸附镍的动力学方程。研究了溶液的pH值，初始Ni^2 浓度等因素对Ni^2 的吸附特性的影响，得到最佳pH值4～6及最大吸附量0．8283mmo1／g，并用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对吸附等温线进行了拟合，用Langmuir方程拟合相关系数R^2达0．999以上。     

麦饭石对Pb2+离子吸附的动力学研究

本文研究了水溶液中麦饭石对Ｐｂ＾２＋离子去除的反应动力学,考察了ＭＦＳ粒度、溶液ＰＨ值和铅离子的初始浓度对吸附反应的影响。结果表明,ＭＦＳ对Ｐｂ＾２离子具有较强的吸附性能,ＰＨ值是影响吸附的主要因素,Ｐｂ＾２＋离子吸附的最初速率与浓度符合一级反应动力学;吸附过程符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ吸附等温式;离子交换和表面络合反应是主要吸附形式。     

A Minimal Model of Adiabatic Isotherms Surfacing in Very Shallow Waters

Based on a phenomenology that is rather frequent in the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic Sea), we analytically model the short time evolution of the temperature field inside a shallow layer of coastal water induced by a sudden offshore wind. In particular, we reproduce in a very simple way the unsteady surfacing of the isotherms forced by the marine current circulating in a vertical plane perpendicular to the coastline. The model is in agreement with the observations of a significant event recorded on 25 June, 2002 in the Gulf of Trieste.     

Thermodynamics of tetracycline adsorption on silica

The adsorption of antibiotic tetracycline onto silica particles was investigated. The effects of pH, electrolyte concentration and temperature on the adsorption equilibrium were examined and the data correlated with a dual site adsorption model. Adsorption of tetracycline onto approximately 9% of the adsorption sites was found to be irreversible, whereas the rest exhibited Langmuir behaviour. Increasing pH of the solution had a strong negative effect on the adsorbed amounts. Adsorption decreased also with increasing ionic strength and temperature. The enthalpy and entropy of adsorption were found to be approximately −16 and −25 J/mol, respectively.     

黄土对钕(Ⅲ)和铈(Ⅲ)在不同pH下的等温吸附特性

研究了黄土对钕 (Ⅲ )和铈 (Ⅲ )在不同pH下的等温吸附特性 ,采用Langmuir及Freundlich两种吸附模型对吸附数据进行了描述 .并分析、比较了线性及非线性两种拟合的方法 .非线性拟合 ,由于数据形式没有转换 ,求得的模型参数较线性方法比较可靠 ;非线性拟合结果表明 ,在低pH( =3 ,5 75 )下 ,等温吸附行为更符合Langmuir模型 ,而在高pH( =6 1,6 9)下 ,更符合Freundlich模型     

CPC在膨润土处理含p-硝基苯酚废水中的增强效应

选用氯代十六烷基吡啶(CPC)和p-硝基苯酚为目标化合物,试验比较了CPC 膨润土直接混合体系和CPC改性有机膨润土对含p-硝基苯酚废水的吸附效果.结果表明,与CPC改性土相比,用相应浓度的CPC 膨润土混合直接处理含p-硝基苯酚废水更为有效,可使p-硝基苯酚的去除率提高2倍以上(45%~98%),并可以节约处理成本且基本不增加表面活性剂二次污染.最经济适宜的CPC投加量与膨润土阳离子交换容量(CEC)相当.     

三种萘系物在改性泥炭上的低温吸附与解吸特性

研究了柴油污染场地地下水中3种典型多环芳烃污染物萘、1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘在改性泥炭上的吸附与解吸行为。结果表明:10℃低温条件下,Freundlich模型能够较好的描述萘、1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘在改性泥炭上吸附与解吸行为,并呈现明显的非线性特征。萘系物Koc、Kf大小顺序为2-甲基萘>1-甲基萘>萘,且均随着污染物Kow增大而增大;萘系物在改性泥炭上均存在明显解吸滞后现象(HI>0.21),解吸滞后程度大小顺序为2-甲基萘>1-甲基萘>萘。研究结果表明:随着萘环上甲基数量增加或α、β碳位序变化,萘系物在泥炭上分配及吸附能力变大,相应,解吸速率降低,解吸滞后程度变大。