基于不同厌氧反应形式动力学方程解析

基于传统生化动力学理论，分别以Monod方程、Contios方程推导出包含生化反应基本因素的代谢特征方程式；根据以循环为特点的厌氧反应器的运行特点，进一步椎导出建立在循环基础上的反应器代谢特征方程；通过分析厌氧反应过程机理和不同高效厌氧反应器的特点，提出了所建方程的应用原则及相应应用对象。     

黄土地区土壤对石油类污染物吸附特性的实验研究

通过室内静态实验 ,研究了石油类污染物在黄土地区土壤中的吸附行为。初步探讨了石油类污染物在黄土高原地区土壤中的吸附特性。实验表明石油类污染物在黄土地区土壤中的吸附符合Henry吸附模式 ,吸附分配系数为 1 34 .0 7;黄土对石油类的吸附速度很快 ,1 0min内即可接近吸附平衡。水土比、温度、pH、TDS等对吸附有一定影响。     

酸沉降下红壤对K+吸附特征及反应动力学

研究酸沉降下K+在红壤表面的化学吸附行为,结果表明,K+的等温吸附可用Langmuir方程较好地描述;在K+的平衡吸附过程中,土壤表面有H+的释放;加入pH3.5酸溶液后,存在H+的消耗过程,其机理与SO42-的专性吸附释放OH-以中和溶液中H+有关.利用设计的动力学装置能很好地研究K+的吸附动力学,比较K+吸附的动力学模型,以一级动力学方程和Elovich方程为最佳模型;运用数据平滑工具求算吸附速率与吸附量的关系,进一步求得一级动力学方程的表观平衡吸附量和表观吸附速率常数.联合一级动力学方程的微分式和Elovich方程也可求得反应速率与时间的关系.     

调质碳酸钙硫化机理的实验研究

对经Na2CO3溶解调质后石灰石煅烧、硫化特性进行了研究，发现调质后石灰石比未经调质石灰石具有更快的煅烧分解速率。CO2浓度变化对调质CaO硫化效果的影响程度要比未经调质CaO更为明显。调质CaO比调质前具有更高的最终钙转化率，但脱硫剂微观结构测定表明，调质CaO比表面积和孔隙率均小于同等条件下获得的未经调质CaO比表面积和孔隙率。利用X－衍射技术对CaO晶体结构进行了测定，对比晶格畸变度等参数并综合煅烧、硫化及脱硫剂孔特性，提出了调质CaO硫化反应机理为：前期为化学反应控制阶段，后期为离子扩散控制阶段。应用分形理论对CaO分形维数进行了计算，发现随CO2浓度的增加，无论调质与否得到的CaO，分形维数均呈下降趋势。     

从废活性炭中回收醋酸丁酯与再生活性炭利用的研究

采用蒸气吹脱解吸法回收吸附在废活性炭中的醋酸丁酯,并对剩余废活性炭采用热空气加热再生法使其再生并用于污水处理,实验结果表明该技术在工业回收中有很好的前景,而且经济上可行.     

苯通过活性炭固定床的透出浓度与时间的动态关系

用气相色谱法，测量苯的不同进样浓度，通过活性炭床透出浓度（C）与时间（t)，绘制C-t曲线图。各图形均类似反正切曲线。以曲线对应的函数。建立了反正切函数的线性关系方程C=A Ktg^-1(t-τ），作为数学模型基础。对该方程求时间的导数，获得透出速度分布方程，当C等于进样浓度C0的1/2时，t=τ,有最大速度K，它是吸附剂对吸附物作用的特征常数。为了验证数学模型可靠性，经相关与回归计算。结果显示，透出浓度与时间的反正切值之间，均呈高度正相关（r≥0.9927)。初步认为，建立的C-t方程是可行的，但由于进样浓度不同，方程的有关常数不一样，使之不便应用，然而，由于方程常数K和τ的对数与进样浓度的对数高度线性相关（r≥0.9999)。常数为进样浓度的指数函数，于是，用进样浓度C0代替K和τ，使方程可适应于不同进样浓度下的应用。同时，还讨论了活性炭吸附苯过程中稳定及非稳定吸附的定量关系和相关机理。     

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicides on soil (I). Structural influence of chloroacetanilide herbicide for their adsorption on soils and its components

Adsorption of chloroacetanilide herbicide acetochlor,alachlor, metolachlor and propachlor on soils and soil components was determined, and the structural differences of these herbicides were used to explain the order of sorptivity. Adsorption isotherms for all herbicide-soil combinations conformed to the Freundlich equation, and Kf increased with increasing soil organic carbon content. Kd on soil humic acid was greater than that on clay, but association of humic acid with clay reduced the overall adsorption. On all soils and soil humic acids, herbicide adsorption decreased in the order: metolachlor > acetochlor > propachlor > alachlor. On Ca²⁺-montmorrilonite, the order changed to metolachlor > acetochlor > alachlor > propachlor. FT-IR spectra of herbicide-clay or herbicide-humic acid-clay mixtures showed that H-bonding and charge transfer were the primary interaction pathways between these compounds and the surface of clay or humic acids. The different moieties attached to 2-chloro-acetanilide and their unique arrangement may have influenced the binding mechanisms and thus the sorptivity of these herbicides. This study indicates that the structural difference of pesticides in the same classes may be used as a molecular probe to obtain a better understanding of sorption mechanisms of pesticides on soil.     

Adsorption of acetanilide herbicides on soil and its components. II. Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of diethatyl-ethyl on saturated Na(+)-, K(+)-, Ca(2+)-, and Mg(2+)-montmorillonite

Adsorption and catalytic hydrolysis of the herbicide diethatyl-ethyl [N-chloroacetyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine ethyl ester] on homoionic Na⁺-, K⁺-, Ca²⁺-, and Mg²⁺-montmorillonite clays were investigated in water solution. The Freundlich adsorption coefficient, Kf, got from isotherms on clay followed the order of Na⁺ K⁺ > Mg²⁺ Ca²⁺. Analysis of FT-IR spectra of diethatyl-ethyl adsorbed on clay suggests probable bonding at the carboxyl and amide carbonyl groups of the herbicide. The rate of herbicide hydrolysis in homoionic clay suspensions followed the same order as that for adsorption, indicating that adsorption may have preceded and thus caused hydrolysis. Preliminary product identification showed that hydrolysis occurred via nucleophilic substitution at the carboxyl carbon, causing the cleavage of the ester bond and formation of diethatyl and its dechlorinated derivative, and at the amide carbon, yielding an ethyl ester derivative and its acid.These pathways also suggest that hydrolysis of diethatyl-ethyl was catalyzed by adsorption on the clay surface.     

土壤中重金属镉锌铅复合污染的研究

采用吸附与解吸实验及盆栽试验，研究了在重金属镉、锌、铅复合污染条件下，棕壤对重金属的吸附、解吸规律，以及菠菜吸收重金属的特点。结果表明：棕壤对铅、锌的吸附分别符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ、Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程，对镉的吸附用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ、Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ及Ｔｅｍｋｉｎ方程回归都不显。重金属被吸附后的解吸率顺序为：Ｚｎ〉Ｃｄ〉Ｐｂ。Ｐｂ＾２＋与吸附位结合的牢固程度较单一污染时大，而Ｃｄ＾２＋和Ｚ     

入太湖污水中三态氮水质模型的研究

本文通过多次现场调查与室内实验的数据分析,对流入太湖污水中三态氮水质模型的建立进行了初步探讨。研究表明,模型的计算数值与现场实测数值基本一致。