十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)在合成针铁矿表面的吸附特征

为了探究十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)在水合针铁矿(α-FeOOH)表面的吸附过程和机理,在不同pH值、离子强度以及温度下采用批处理法研究了针铁矿对BS-12的吸附特征;并对BS-12在针铁矿表面的吸附机制进行了探讨.研究结果表明:针铁矿对BS-12的吸附平衡时间约为8 h,吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型,吸附速率受化学吸附机理控制.Freundlich等温吸附模型能较好地描述针铁矿对BS-12的吸附,pH值对针铁矿吸附BS-12影响显著,主要取决于针铁矿的电荷零点和BS-12的等电点;离子强度的增加对BS-12的吸附有促进作用;温度的升高促进BS-12的吸附.热力学参数结果表明,针铁矿对BS-12的吸附是一个具有熵增和焓增特征的自发性吸热过程.BS-12在针铁矿表面的吸附是一个较慢发生的吸热的化学吸附的过程,主要吸附机制为化学键作用和疏水结合模式.     

不同温度热‒冷循环处理对炮钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

目的研究不同温度热–冷循环处理对炮钢摩擦磨损性能的影响及其磨损机理。方法将PCrNi3MoVA炮钢分别在400、800℃的加热温度下进行热–冷循环处理,采用立式万能摩擦磨损实验机在不同的滑动速度下测试炮钢销与H96黄铜盘配副时的摩擦磨损性能,记录摩擦系数,测量炮钢销和黄铜盘的磨损量。采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪测量磨损后的炮钢销表面形貌及化学成分,分析其磨损机理。结果热–冷循环处理对炮钢销在100 r/min滑动速度下的摩擦系数的影响较小。随着热–冷循环处理中加热温度的升高,炮钢销的磨损量增大,而黄铜盘的磨损量受炮钢销热–冷循环处理的影响较小。炮钢销的磨损表面可见明显的因材料塑性变形剥落造成的凹坑和沟槽。随着滑动速度的增大,800℃–室温循环处理后,炮钢销的摩擦系数降低,磨损量在400 r/min时最大,在800 r/min时反而下降到接近于0。分析磨损表面发现,800 r/min时,黄铜磨屑与炮钢磨屑发生掺杂混合,附着于炮钢销的磨损表面,从而影响了炮钢销的摩擦磨损性能。结论热–冷循环处理对炮钢销–黄铜盘摩擦副摩擦系数的影响较小,但随着热–冷循环中加热温度的升高,炮钢销的耐磨损性能下降。滑动速度对炮钢销摩擦系数和磨损量的影响都较大,高的滑动速度下,黄铜磨屑与炮钢磨屑混合,并附着于炮钢销磨损表面,改变炮钢销的磨损机理。     

胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附特征

采用批平衡试验法,研究了胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的等温吸附特征及pH值、离子强度、温度及共存Cd2+对复合胶体吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明:在相同离子强度和温度条件下,pH值升高,最大吸附量(Smax)和吸附平衡常数(k)均增大,有利于吸附反应的进行.等温吸附方程以Langmuir方程拟合效果最好.当Pb2+平衡浓度为124.7mg/L时,吸附量增幅最大,达35mg/g.复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学方程以Elovich方程拟合效果最好.pH值增大,平衡吸附速率提高.在相同pH值和离子强度条件下,温度升高,最大吸附量、吸附平衡常数、自由能变△G°的绝对值均增加,表明升高温度有利于吸附反应的进行.在相同温度和pH值条件下,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量随着离子强度的增加而增加.当存在Cd2+时,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量有所降低,但Cd2+对Pb2+竞争吸附影响不大.     

褐菖鲇肝HSC70基因的环介导等温扩增技术的建立及在石油污染剂量效应研究中的应用

从褐菖鲉肝脏中克隆了热休克蛋白HSC70基因,利用环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)建立HSC70基因的定量检测方法.为检测该方法的可行性,将褐菖鲉分别暴露于石油水溶性成分(water-soluble fraction,WSF) 20、60、180 μg·L-11d后,利用real-time PCR及LAMP技术同时测定褐菖鲉肝HSC70 mRNA表达量,两种方法测定结果基本一致,证实LAMP技术可用于褐菖鲉肝HSC70基因的定量.为更细致了解石油WSF影响褐菖鲉肝脏HSC70基因表达的剂量-效应关系,将褐菖鲉分别暴露于25、50、75、100、125、150、175 μg·L-1 WSF中,5d后采样,用LAMP技术定量检测HSC70 mRNA.结果表明,HSC70 mRNA表达量在50 μg· L-1浓度组即被显著诱导,在75μg·L-1浓度下达到最大值,这说明褐菖鲉肝HSC70基因对石油污染较敏感,有潜力作为海洋石油污染的生物标志物.     

Reactive Extrusion of Starch–Polyacrylamide Graft Copolymers Using Various Starches

Graft copolymers of polyacrylamide and various substrates were prepared by reactive extrusion in a twin screw extruder using ammonium persulfate as initiator. Substrates included unmodified starches (corn, waxy maize, wheat, and potato), cationic starches, dextrin, dextran, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). The feed ratio of substrate to monomer was 2:1. Average conversion of monomer to polymer was 88.9% (±5.1%). Graft contents for the starch substrates were approximately 25% with grafting efficiencies of about 70%. Polyacrylamide graft molecular weights ranged from 317,000 to 769,000. Absorbencies at pH 7 for saponified graft copolymers prepared with unmodified starches were approximately 200 g/g and approximately 150 g/g for the cationic starches, dextran, and PVOH. In electrolyte solution (0.9% NaCl), absorbencies were in the range of 26–59 g/g, depending on substrate type. Saponified dextrin copolymers were essentially soluble with absorbencies of 6 g/g in water and 12 g/g in 0.9% NaCl.Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the product, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable.     

氢氧化铁对砷的吸附与沉淀机理

研究了吸附反应时间为50d和1120d时,As(V)初始浓度和pH值对氢氧化铁吸附砷的影响,并利用傅利叶红外光谱(FTIR)和粉末X射线衍射技术对吸附砷后的氢氧化铁固体进行了表征.结果表明,氢氧化铁对砷的吸附能力与pH有关,在弱酸性到弱碱性条件下,吸附砷的能力最强;在低初始砷浓度(0.01～1 mmol·L-1)和相同pH条件下,吸附率随砷浓度增高而增大.当pH=3、7和12时,吸附等温线都可用Freundlich公式来进行拟合,低初始砷浓度下(0.001～1 mmol·L-1),R2>0.99,高初始砷浓度下(5～1000 mmol·L-1),R2>0.93,吸附反应时间对吸附能力影响不大.红外光谱分析表明,在pH=3条件下,初始砷浓度为50mmol·L-1和500mmol·L-1时,吸附后氢氧化铁固体的红外光谱图上As-O键的伸缩振动谱带分别位于806.11cm-1和821.54cm-1;表明吸附后的氢氧化铁表面有少量的砷酸铁晶体沉淀存在,砷在氢氧化铁表面的平均密度对砷在氢氧化铁表面存在形态有影响.X射线衍射分析表明.在中性和酸性条件下,砷可能是以双配位表面络合的质子化的=FeO2As(O)(OH)-和非质子化的=FeO2As(O)2-形态存在于氢氧化铁表面.     

层状金属硫属化物对水中锌的离子交换性能研究

通过水热反应制备的层状金属硫属化物K1.9Mn0.95Sn2.02S6(KMS),对水中Zn2+具有良好的吸附性能.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等手段表征了KMS吸附前后的结构、化学组成和微观形貌.Zn2+与K+发生离子交换后,会与硫产生共价键作用而被吸附,材料的层间距由0.851 nm变为1.123 nm.化学吸附导致吸附后的KMS表面会变得粗糙.考察了p H、反应时间、初始浓度、反应温度和共存离子等因素对KMS吸附Zn2+的影响.在p H=3~6之间,溶液的p H对吸附量没有明显影响.在不同温度下,动力学数据符合准二级动力学模型,而且速率控制步骤主要由液膜扩散控制.吸附过程的活化能为40.24 k J·mol-1.在10℃、25℃和40℃下,KMS对Zn2+的最大吸附量分别是:111.67 mg·g-1、142.91 mg·g-1和161.02 mg·g-1.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以用来描述吸附平衡过程.碱金属和碱土金属离子对Zn2+去除率的影响较小,影响顺序是Ca2+Mg2+Na+,而重金属离子对Zn2+的去除影响较大,影响顺序是Cd2+Pb2+Cu2+Ni2+.离子交换后的KMS不会再释放出Zn2+,可以作为一种永久储存重金属的废弃物.     

花生壳活性炭对水中荧光素钠的吸附及动力学

H3PO4活化花生壳炭(750℃)为吸附剂,荧光素钠为吸附质.考察了炭化温度、投加量、pH、离子强度、吸附时间以及初始浓度对花生壳活性炭吸附荧光素钠的影响.重点研究了花生壳活性炭对荧光素钠的等温吸附特征,并利用准一级、准二级动力学模型和颗粒内扩散方程对花生壳活性炭吸附荧光素钠的动力学过程进行了分析.结果表明,本实验条件下,Langmuir等温吸附模型能很好地描述花生壳活性炭对荧光素钠的吸附效果,吸附强度因子a为正值,表明吸附过程在本实验条件下可自发进行.通过带入实验数据校对得出准二级动力学方程能更好地描述花生壳活性炭对水中荧光素钠的吸附动力学过程.     

煤巷水力压挤防治瓦斯煤尘技术试验研究

为解决掘进煤巷瓦斯突出、积聚和粉尘污染等问题,结合祁东煤矿的煤层开采条件,研究水力压挤技术,探讨水力压挤防治瓦斯煤尘机理,试验确定钻孔布置、封孔深度、注水压力、注水量与注水时间等工艺参数。研究结果表明:水力压挤可使试验工作面卸压带增宽0.7m左右,挤出近20%的煤层原始瓦斯,最高降尘率达78.7%;该技术对防治瓦斯突出、超限和煤尘污染有显著效果。试验研究取得的相关水力压挤工艺技术参数,为类似煤层条件技术实施提供了工作基础。     

A Processing,Characterization and Marine Biodegradation Study of Melt-Extruded Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Films

A series of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), all containing 1% nucleating agent but varying in structure, were melt-processed into films through single screw extrusion techniques. This series consisted of three polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and three polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate (PHBV) resins with varying valerate content. Processing parameters of temperature in the barrel (165–173 °C) and chill rolls (60 °C) were optimized to obtain cast films. The gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) results showed a loss of 8–19% of the polymer’s initial molecular weight due to extrusion processing. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) displayed glass transition temperatures of the films ranging from −4.6 to 6.7 °C depending on the amount of crystallinity in the film. DSC data were also used to calculate the percent crystallinity of each sample and slightly higher crystallinity was observed in the PHBV series of samples. X-ray diffraction patterns did not vary significantly for any of the samples and crystallinity was confirmed with X-ray data. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) verified the glass transition trends for the films from DSC while loss modulus (E′) reported at 20 °C showed that the PHBV (3,950–3,600 MPa) had the higher E′ values than the PHB (3,500–2,698 MPa) samples. The Young’s modulus values of the PHB and PHBV samples ranged from 700 to 900 MPa and 900 to 1,500 MPa, respectively. Polarized light microscopy images revealed gel particles in the films processed through single-screw extrusion, which may have caused diminished Young’s modulus and tensile strength of these films. The PHBV film samples exhibited the greatest barrier properties to oxygen and water vapor when compared to the PHB film samples. The average oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) for the PHBV samples was 247 (cc-mil/m²-day) and 118 (g-mil/m²-day), respectively; while the average OTR and WVTR for the PHB samples was 350 (cc-mil/m²-day) and 178 (g-mil/m²-day), respectively. Biodegradation data of the films in the marine environment demonstrated that all PHA film samples achieved a minimum of 70% mineralization in 40 days when run in accordance with ASTM 6691. For static and dynamic incubation experiments in seawater, microbial action resulting in weight loss as a function of time showed all samples to be highly biodegradable and correlated with the ASTM 6691 biodegradation data.