Assessing microbial degradation of o-xylene at field-scale from the reduction in mass flow rate combined with compound-specific isotope analyses

In recent years, natural attenuation (NA) has evolved into a possible remediation alternative, especially in the case of BTEX spills. In order to be approved by the regulators, biodegradation needs to be demonstrated which requires efficient site investigation and monitoring tools. Three methods--the Integral Groundwater Investigation method, the compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and a newly developed combination of both--were used in this work to quantify at field scale the biodegradation of o-xylene at a former gasworks site which is heavily contaminated with BTEX and PAHs. First, the Integral Groundwater Investigation method [Schwarz, R., Ptak, T., Holder, T., Teutsch, G., 1998. Groundwater risk assessment at contaminated sites: a new investigation approach. In: Herbert, M. and Kovar, K. (Editors), GQ'98 Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection. IAHS Publication 250, pp. 68-71; COH 4 (2000) 170] was applied, which allows the determination of mass flow rates of o-xylene by integral pumping tests. Concentration time series obtained during pumping at two wells were used to calculate inversely contaminant mass flow rates at the two control planes that are defined by the diameter of the maximum isochrone. A reactive transport model was used within a Monte Carlo approach to identify biodegradation as the dominant process for reduction in the contaminant mass flow rate between the two consecutive control planes. Secondly, compound-specific carbon isotope analyses of o-xylene were performed on the basis of point-scale samples from the same two wells. The Rayleigh equation was used to quantify the degree of biodegradation that occurred between the wells. Thirdly, a combination of the Integral Groundwater Investigation method and the compound-specific isotope analysis was developed and applied. It comprises isotope measurements during the integral pumping tests and the evaluation of delta13C time series by an inversion algorithm to obtain spatially integrated mean isotope values at the control planes. It was shown that the Rayleigh equation is applicable to spatially integrated mean isotope values in order to obtain the mean biodegradation between the consecutive control planes. All three approaches yielded consistently a 98-99% degradation of o-xylene.     

关于提高挥发酚测定质量的探讨

探讨了在水样采集及分析测定过程中，如何保证分析结果的可靠性和准确性。     

钼酸铵分光光度法测定水中总磷的改进

为简化消解过程，使温度易于控制，提高总磷测定方法的稳定性，用烘箱代替高压锅进行消解，采用过硫酸钾氧化，用分光光度法测定标准样品中总磷，经实验研究对比，该法稳定性好，易于操作，且能得到令人满意的结果。     

Strontium isotope constraints on the seasonal variation of the provenance of base cations in rain water at Kawakami, Central Japan

The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in monthly precipitation in the forested basin at Kawakami, central Japan, varied seasonally from 0.709 to 0.711 in spring to as low as 0.7062 ± 0.0004 in autumn over nine years from 1987 to 1995. The seasonal variation can be explained in terms of the mixing of three sources of Sr: sea salt (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr 0.70917), soluble eolian minerals originating from deserts in continental Asia ( 0.711), and biogenic materials growing on soils derived from the volcanic rock substrates in the vicinity ( 0.706). It is estimated that the contribution of sea-salt Sr into the Kawakami rain Sr is relatively constant (10 ± 5%) and that more than half of the Sr is of biogenic origin throughout the year except during spring rains when 50% of the Sr is due to the dissolution of Ca-minerals from Asian dusts. The dominant contribution of eolian components to spring rains is consistent with the high concentration of ³H, which is typical of air masses from Asia.     

水体中化学需氧量的快速测定

介绍了一种快速测定水体中COD的新方法，该法将近红外光谱分析技术中的化学计量学方法应用到紫外可见光区域，对水体进行COD测试，并将结果和标准试验方法进行比较，取得了令人满意的结果。     

荔枝花发育过程中雌雄蕊内源激素的动态变化

分析了荔枝花性别决定中雄蕊和雌蕊内源激素含量的动态变化 .结果发现 :雌蕊的发育与较高浓度的IAA和iPAs相关联 ;GA和ZRs的含量在较低浓度时有利于性器官发育 ,而较高浓度则抑制了对应性器官的发育 ;在败育的雄蕊或雌蕊中都含有较高浓度的ABA ,但从激素平衡的角度分析 ,促进生长物质与抑制生长物质的比值相对高时 ,即雄蕊的ABA浓度相对较低 ,雄蕊发育正常 ;当该比值相对较低时 ,即雌蕊的ABA浓度相对较高 ,雌蕊发育正常 .提出调节荔枝雌、雄花的发育不是某一种激素单独作用的结果 ,而是各种激素在时间、空间上的相互作用产生的综合效果 .图 2表 2参 17     

同位素示踪法研究有机污染物在模拟水生生态系统中的行为

应用同位素示踪技术，研究了模拟水生生态系统中三氯苯、邻苯二甲酸正丁酯，２，４，６－三氯酚－＾１４Ｃ的分布、迁移、转化行为。实验周期后，水中污染物浓度分别降低了８９％，８０％，９５％以上，三氯苯在底泥和浮游生物中有积累。测定了标记物在水、悬浮物、＾１４ＣＯ２吸收溶液，ＸＡＤ－２树脂上的放射性强度。假设水中标记物的降解遵循一级速率过程，２４ｄ后，水中２，４，６－三氯酚－＾１４Ｃ浓度已降为原来浓度的５％     

达拉布特型碱性花岗岩源岩特征初步探讨──来自稳定同位素和微量元素的证据

根据稳定同位素组成特点和微量元素组成及岩石形成演化的分析，对达拉布特型碱性花岗岩的源岩进行了初步探讨。指出其源岩具有混源特点：同时存在地幔物质和上地壳物质。结合岩石化学组成特点，源岩的化学组成可能与含基性、中基性火山岩的麻粒岩相岩石相似。     

黑柱石和水之间氢同位素平衡分馏的实验研究

在750-250℃温度范围内,对黑柱石-水之间的氢同位素平衡分馏进行了实验研究。研究中改进了氢同位素交换实验方法,从而保证了精度。研究结果表明,750-550℃温度范围内,黑柱石一水的分馏系数10~3lnα°_(黑柱石-水)=-30.51 10~6/T~2-59.86,550-350℃温度范围内,10~3lnα°_(黑柱石-水)与温度1/T~2间无依赖关系,其值为-105.0±0.7,.250℃时,交换率太低。文中讨论了黑柱石-水之间氢同位素分馏系数与温度、矿物晶体结构、矿物化学组成的关系及其地质意义。     

甘肃白银金属硫化物矿床及其矿区主要地质事件的同位素地质年代学研究

本文针对甘肃白银金属硫化物矿床长期争论的成矿时代问题，运用成因矿物学的方法，在对各采样点内锆石的标型特征、变生状态进行详细分类研究的基础上，采用锆石U－Pb同位素定年手段，测得成矿时代为464～440Ma，属加里东成矿期。同时结合矿区外围地层和岩体的同位素年代学研究，讨论了白银地区岩浆活动及主要地质事件的演化过程。