黄土地区土壤对石油类污染物吸附特性的实验研究

通过室内静态实验 ,研究了石油类污染物在黄土地区土壤中的吸附行为。初步探讨了石油类污染物在黄土高原地区土壤中的吸附特性。实验表明石油类污染物在黄土地区土壤中的吸附符合Henry吸附模式 ,吸附分配系数为 1 34 .0 7;黄土对石油类的吸附速度很快 ,1 0min内即可接近吸附平衡。水土比、温度、pH、TDS等对吸附有一定影响。     

萤石Sr、Nd同位素地球化学研究评述

本文通过大量实例综述了近年萤石Sr、Nd同位素在定年和示踪方面取得的进展 ,结果表明 :萤石Sm-Nd同位素可以用于测定成矿作用的时代 ,但由于萤石Nd同位素初始值存在不均一性和受次生干扰的影响 ,所获数据最好用其它测年方法获得的数据加以验证 ;萤石Sr、Nd同位素组成是示踪成矿流体来源的有效方法 ,利用Sr、Nd同位素组成还可定量估算出形成成矿流体不同端元所占的比例。     

煤矸石中有害微量元素的静态淋溶试验研究

在煤矸石的静态淋溶试验的基础上。研究了7-种有害微量元素的淋溶特性，分析了微量元素析出的影响因素。结果表明，淋溶液最终pH呈弱碱性：元素溶出浓度与淋溶时间，淋溶温度，煤矸石粒径，淋溶液pH值以及元素在煤矸石中的含量，赋存状态、本身性质有密切关系。     

泸沽湖沉积物α纤维素的提取及其稳定碳同位素研究初探

湖泊沉积是环境气候变化的敏感指示器 ,在沉积过程中有机大分子α纤维素不易发生降解 ,其碳链上的C、H、O原子也不会与外界发生交换 ,故沉积物α纤维素的碳同位素能真实地反映原始环境信息。湖泊沉积物中的α纤维素含量少 ,笔者经过反复条件试验 ,得出了从湖泊沉积物提取α纤维素的简便可行的方法。泸沽湖是云贵高原上一半封闭湖泊 ,湖区人为活动干扰较微弱 ,该湖对环境变化敏感。笔者提取了泸沽湖沉积物柱的α纤维素 ,并研究了其碳同位素 ,结果表明 ,α纤维素碳同位素灵敏、精确地反映了该湖一百年来的环境信息 :泸沽湖沉积物有机质以内生为主 ;气候变化趋势为冷—暖—冷—暖。     

贵州晚二叠世煤中硫同位素的组成特征

报道了贵州主要开采矿山晚二叠世煤中不同形态硫的同位素组成特征。形成于海水影响较小环境中的煤以低的硫含量 ,偏正的δ34S值为特点 ;形成于海相或受海水影响较大的环境中的煤 ,则具有高的硫含量和偏负的δ34S值 ;在高硫含量的煤中 ,有机硫和无机硫具有弱的相关性 ,可能它们具有一致的来源 ;煤中有机硫的同位素组成对成煤环境是灵敏的 ,可作为成煤环境划分指标 ,根据有机硫含量和同位素组成 ,可分出海水对煤层的影响程度。     

东天山康古尔金矿床的同位素地球化学特征及成因讨论

主要研究了康古尔金矿的流体包裹体的氢、氧同位素组成以及硫、铅和碳同位素组成，结果表明该金矿床主矿化阶段成矿流体以变质水为主，晚期以大气降水为主，总的表现为下部上升流体与残部大气降水混合成矿特征。该矿床的成矿物质具深源性，主要来自上地幔或下部地壳，是一种火山岩区剪切带蚀变岩型金矿床。     

Nutrient deficiency in dune slack pioneer vegetation: a review

A review of results of fertilization experiments in wet dune slacks is presented. In most cases the above-ground biomass appeared to be limited by nitrogen availability. Primary phosphorus limitation was assessed only once in a dune slack where sod cutting had been applied very recently. In most other case studies phosphorus limits biomass production after nitrogen deficiency was lifted. Potassium availability is of minor importance for biomass production in this type of ecosystem. Singular nitrogen additions led to increased dominance ofCarex andJuncus species as well as perennial grasses, such asAgrostis stolonifera andCalamagrostis epigejos. A combined addition of nitrogen and phosphorus led to total dominance of grasses, while the characteristic basiphilous pioneer species (including mosses) decreased or even disappeared. Certain mechanisms are considered which may maintain nutrient availability in slacks with basiphilous pioneer vegetation at a low level, despite of the accumulation of nutrients in the developing organic soil layer. Some implications for management and further research are discussed.     

Assessing microbial degradation of o-xylene at field-scale from the reduction in mass flow rate combined with compound-specific isotope analyses

In recent years, natural attenuation (NA) has evolved into a possible remediation alternative, especially in the case of BTEX spills. In order to be approved by the regulators, biodegradation needs to be demonstrated which requires efficient site investigation and monitoring tools. Three methods--the Integral Groundwater Investigation method, the compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) and a newly developed combination of both--were used in this work to quantify at field scale the biodegradation of o-xylene at a former gasworks site which is heavily contaminated with BTEX and PAHs. First, the Integral Groundwater Investigation method [Schwarz, R., Ptak, T., Holder, T., Teutsch, G., 1998. Groundwater risk assessment at contaminated sites: a new investigation approach. In: Herbert, M. and Kovar, K. (Editors), GQ'98 Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection. IAHS Publication 250, pp. 68-71; COH 4 (2000) 170] was applied, which allows the determination of mass flow rates of o-xylene by integral pumping tests. Concentration time series obtained during pumping at two wells were used to calculate inversely contaminant mass flow rates at the two control planes that are defined by the diameter of the maximum isochrone. A reactive transport model was used within a Monte Carlo approach to identify biodegradation as the dominant process for reduction in the contaminant mass flow rate between the two consecutive control planes. Secondly, compound-specific carbon isotope analyses of o-xylene were performed on the basis of point-scale samples from the same two wells. The Rayleigh equation was used to quantify the degree of biodegradation that occurred between the wells. Thirdly, a combination of the Integral Groundwater Investigation method and the compound-specific isotope analysis was developed and applied. It comprises isotope measurements during the integral pumping tests and the evaluation of delta13C time series by an inversion algorithm to obtain spatially integrated mean isotope values at the control planes. It was shown that the Rayleigh equation is applicable to spatially integrated mean isotope values in order to obtain the mean biodegradation between the consecutive control planes. All three approaches yielded consistently a 98-99% degradation of o-xylene.     

产木聚糖酶嗜碱细菌的筛选及产酶条件研究

利用透明圈法筛选到一株产木聚糖酶的嗜碱芽孢杆菌NT 9,该菌株产木聚糖酶为组成型。正交设计实验结果表明 ,合适的产酶条件为 :木糖 15 .0g/L ,硫酸铵 2 .5 g/L ,Tween 80 2 0 g/L ,K2 HPO4 1.0g/L ,MgSO4 ·7H2 O 0 .2g/L ,pH值 10 .0 ,3 7℃ ,2 0 0r/min ,振荡培养 72h。其木聚糖酶活力可达到 6.3 6IU/mL。     

氨氮水样的稳定性试验

对采集于聚乙烯塑料瓶内的氨氮地表水样，应立即加入盐酸，使pH值≤2进行现场固定，分别于2～5℃恒温冷藏保存，与20．28℃室温保存，每隔48h检测，连续检测一个月。检测结果统计表明，两种保存方法的测试结果基本一致，氨氮水样在一个月内的检测值基本恒定，水样表现稳定。