福建龙岩可持续发展实验区规划探讨及实践

可持续发展实验区总体规划是区域规划的一种特殊类型。通过对可持续发展实验区及其总体规划的理解和认识,文章指出地方可持续发展实验区总体规划的编制思路应当回归到问题指向型的出发点上来。规划编制思路应当紧密结合宏观经济发展环境、社会事业新要求以及全球环境变化压力等背景,从地区人地关系的突出问题入手,制定实验区可持续发展战略,并通过重点项目落实到规划实施中,使可持续发展实验区总体规划体现实验、探索、示范、创新的作用。文章以福建龙岩可持续发展实验区总体规划编制的实践经验为例,对规划编制思路进行探讨。     

丰水期乌江上游干流水库-河流体系硫同位素组成

2007年7月对乌江上游河流、乌江干流上的3座不同库龄的梯级水库（洪家渡水库、东风水库、乌江渡水库）表层及垂直剖面水体的可溶性硫酸盐的硫同位素组成进行了研究。在垂直剖面上，洪家渡水库硫同位素值（δ34S）介于+03‰~+31‰，下泄水为-07‰；东风水库δ34S值介于-75‰~-55‰，下泄水为-68‰；乌江渡水库δ34S值介于-43‰~-06‰，下泄水为-29‰。上述结论表明，硫同位素组成变化反映了水库硫的不同来源及生物地球化学过程。不同水库表层和垂直剖面水体的硫同位素平均值有差别，水库表层的硫同位素比值主要受输入水体的控制，垂直剖面由表层向下硫同位素比值偏负，主要是由于生物作用以及有机硫的氧化造成的。     

兰州与江汉平原有机碳同位素的古气候指示意义对比研究

选择以干冷气候为主的兰州和温暖湿润的江汉平原作为研究区域,结合其他多种指标和研究区的岩性特征,对有机碳同位素δ13Corg的古气候指示意义进行了初步探讨。结果表明,在兰州地区,δ13Corg值波动反映C3/C4植物比例的改变,指示温度变化。δ13Corg值偏正时,表明C4植物含量较大,反映温度较高,而δ13Corg值偏负时,表明气候较冷;江汉平原δ13Corg值主要反映降水信息, δ13Corg值偏负时指示相对暖湿气候,δ13Corg值偏正反映气候偏干。δ13Corg等指标同时还揭示了末次盛冰期以来两地古气候类同特征：即12.0 ka BP之前气候相对偏干;在全新世晚期,气候波动中转暖。不同之处表现为：约在12.0~10.0 ka BP,当兰州气候还很干冷时,江汉平原已进入暖湿的冰后期;而在全新世早中期,当兰州气候转为暖湿时,江汉平原气候则表现为略偏干。     

The influence on the radioxenon background during the temporary suspension of operations of three major medical isotope production facilities in the Northern Hemisphere and during the start-up of another facility in the Southern Hemisphere

Medical isotope production facilities (MIPF) have recently been identified to emit the major part of the environmental radioxenon measured at many globally distributed monitoring sites deployed to strengthen the radionuclide component of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) verification regime. Efforts to raise a global radioxenon emission inventory revealed that the yearly global total emission from MIPF’s is around 15 times higher than the total radioxenon emission from nuclear power plants (NPP's).Given that situation, from mid 2008 until early 2009 two out of the ordinary hemisphere-specific events occured:1) In the Northern hemisphere, a joint temporary suspension of operations of the three largest MIPF's made it possible to quantify the effects of the emissions related to NPP’s. The average activity concentrations of ¹³³Xe measured at a monitoring station close to Freiburg, Germany, went down significantly from 4.5 ± 0.5 mBq/m³ to 1.1 ± 0.1 mBq/m³ and in Stockholm, Sweden, from 2.0 ± 0.4 mBq/m³ to 1.05 ± 0.15 mBq/m³.2) In the Southern hemisphere the only radioxenon-emitting MIPF in Australia started up test production in late November 2008. During eight test runs, up to 6.2 ± 0.2 mBq/m³ of ¹³³Xe was measured at the station in Melbourne, 700 km south-west from the facility, where no radioxenon had been observed before, originating from the isotopic production process.This paper clearly confirms the hypothesis that medical isotope production facility are at present the major emitters of radioxenon to the atmosphere. Suspension of operations of these facilities indicates the scale of their normal contribution to the European radioxenon background, which decreased two to four fold. This also gives a unique opportunity to detect and investigate the influence of other local and long distance sources on the radioxenon background. Finally the opposing effect was studied: the contribution of the start-up of a renewed radiopharmaceutical facility to the build up of a radioxenon background across Australia and the Southern hemisphere.     

多元统计与铅同位素示踪解析旱地垂直剖面土壤中重金属来源

用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析了厦门市旱地2个垂直剖面土壤中26种重金属元素的含量,研究了剖面土壤中重金属元素的分布特征,环境风险及污染来源.综合内梅罗综合污染指数法,地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法的评价结果,Cd为厦门市旱地土壤的主要污染因子;土壤重金属污染严重的为50~60 cm深度.多元统计分析结果表明,重金属的主要来源为农业生产活动与自然源,其中主要污染因子Cd来自于农业生产的影响.对垂直剖面土壤的酸可溶相铅同位素组成与厦门市潜在污染源的铅同位素进行对比分析.结果表明,厦门市旱地土壤中,铅主要来源于污泥和土壤母质层.根据剖面土壤在~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb-~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb图中的分布特征,利用铅同位素二元混合模型计算出P180剖面和P181剖面母质层的贡献率的平均值分别为54.36%和42.88%,污泥的贡献率平均值分别为45.64%和57.12%,表明旱地剖面土壤中铅主要来源为母质层和城市污泥,与多元统计分析结果相一致.     

南京紫金山马尾松树轮δ13C对气候变化响应敏感性的研究

树木年轮宽度指标在气候重建中发挥了重要的作用,可是在温暖湿润的地区,利用树木年轮宽度重建古气候遇到了困难。因此寻找其他代用指标就成为一项急迫而重要的任务。一些研究发现,树轮稳定碳同位素可以发挥重要的作用。但是,是否所有的树种的树轮碳同位素对气候的响应都同样的敏感,还需要通过大量的研究分析工作来验证。为了了解温暖湿润的亚热带季风区马尾松树轮δ13C对气候响应的敏感性,选取了南京紫金山的两个马尾松树盘,进行了树轮δ13C的分析,建立了1939~2002和1955~2002年两个树轮δ13C变化序列。与降水、温度、相对湿度、光照时数、风速等气候指标进行了相关分析。结果表明：（1）马尾松树轮δ13C对于气候的响应是敏感的,可以作为气候变化的代用指标;（2）坡向对于马尾松树轮δ13C对气候的响应敏感性也有一定的影响,树轮δ13C平均值西南坡比东南坡高,西南坡比东南坡对月平均最低和最高温度的响应更敏感;（3）紫金山马尾松树轮δ13C与该地区生长季（尤其是夏、秋季）的月平均气温、月平均最高气温和日照时数呈正相关,而与月平均最低气温、降水量、空气相对湿度呈负相关     

工业废水污泥的热解及升温速率对热解的影响

利用热重分析法对印染、中药和废水处理厂3种典型工业废水污泥进行了热解动力学实验研究。结果表明,工业污泥是一种高挥发分、低固定碳和低热值的劣质燃料。经过消化处理的污泥灰分含量较高,挥发分含量变小。热解过程中有3个失重速率较高的阶段,以挥发分的析出为主。升温速率对热解的最终失重率有重要影响。升温速率增加,热解更剧烈,但最终失重率的变化趋势与污泥种类有关;为使热解效果更好,不同种类的污泥应选择不同的升温速率。不同种类的污泥具有不同的热解特性,印染污泥挥发分析出阶段有2次热解。中药污泥活化能最小,印染污泥挥发分第2次热解的活化能比第1次大幅增加。     

双氰胺甲醛型改性脱色絮凝剂的合成、表征及脱色性能

为提高双氰胺甲醛型脱色絮凝剂的脱色性能,以尿素、三聚氰胺为交联剂,以双氰胺、甲醛为原料制备了改性脱色絮凝剂,并用其处理模拟染料废水.研究了不同染料的初始浓度、p H值、投加量、无机盐以及与聚合氯化铝(PAC)复配使用等条件对脱色率的影响.实验结果证明改性的脱色剂具有较好的脱色性能.相同投加量条件下,未改性脱色剂的最大脱色率为89.7%,而改性脱色剂的脱色率能达到94.6%.红外光谱图表明染料分子和脱色剂发生了相互作用.单因素试验研究表明单独使用改性脱色剂时,最佳投加量为120 mg·L~(-1),单独使用PAC时,最佳投加量为60 mg·L~(-1).正交试验法确定了最优适用条件为:改性脱色剂加入量70 mg·L~(-1),聚铝加入量为50 mg·L~(-1),改性脱色剂和PAC的复配使污水处理成本下降约20%.脱色剂的改性和改性脱色剂与PAC的复配显著提高了脱色剂的耐盐性.     

Cornstarch explosion experiments and modeling in vessels ranged by height/diameter ratios

Height to diameter (H/D) ratio is one of the important parameters affecting premixed particle–air combustion characteristics. This paper focuses on the behavior of cornstarch combustion in closed vessels with changed H/D ratios and fixed volumes; and a combustion model is employed to simulate the experiments. An Eulerian–Lagrangian approach for two-phase flows was used in the model and conservation equations of unsteady turbulent two-phase reacting flows were solved in two-dimensional domains. Heat loss to the vessel walls was taken into consideration in the model. The simulation results have a good agreement with those of experiments. Further simulations were carried out for higher H/D ratios from 8 to 15. These results show that H/D=8 is a changing point. When H/D<8, the maximum pressure and the rate of maximum pressure rise decrease with increasing H/D ratios. While H/D>8, the both have an increasing tendency with increasing H/D ratios.     

数学实验揭示的岩体声发射参数变化

对非均匀性材料的破坏过程进行数学实验。方法是用随机数值矩阵描述岩石材料的非均匀性 ,依据矩阵数值大小与图形亮度的对应关系 ,用不同亮度的图形单元表示不同岩石单元的受力和声发射状态。单元超过受力极限时破裂产生声发射。模拟材料受外荷载时的变化并且计算了几个声发射参数的变化。结果表明破裂过程中不同声发射事件的距离、能量和频数及其差分的变化趋势高度一致。在此基础上建立了安全系数与距离、能量和频数及其差分的关系。对得到的数值进行归一化处理 ,可用来预报岩石材料的安全状况或破裂危险。