天然气中N_2来源及其地球化学特征分析

天然气中N2的来源很多，其地球化学特征也不相同：①大气源N2：N2／Ar≤84，且δ15NN2≈0‰（ATM）；②地壳越深部和上地幔来源的原生N2∶δ15NN2≈-2‰～＋1‰．且伴生Ar的40Ar／36Ar＞2000和He的3He／4He＞10－6；③微生物反硝化作用生成的N2∶δ15NN2＜－10‰和地下水中NO3-及NO2-浓度异常高；④未成熟沉积有机质经微生物氨化作用形成的N2∶δ15NN2＜－10‰，伴生CK4的δ13C＜－55‰（PDB）；⑤成熟（包括高成熟）沉积有机质经热氨化作用形成的N2∶δ15NN2值≈-10‰～－1‰，且伴生CH4的δ13C≈－55‰～－30‰；⑥过成熟沉积有机质裂解产生的N2∶δ15NN2≈＋5‰～＋20‰；⑦沉积岩中无机及在高温变质作用下释放出的N2∶δ15NN2≈＋1‰～＋3．5‰，N2／Ar》84。     

Effective advocacy: the psychological mechanisms of environmental issue framing

ABSTRACT

While environmental issues are among the most serious threats to human security, they tend to rank toward the bottom of Americans’ priorities for political action. To redress this, environmental organizations strategically frame their mobilization communications in an attempt to garner the public’s support. Advocacy research groups encourage the use of motivational, economic and personal frames because of their ability to mobilize support through distinct psychological processes: efficacy, psychological proximity and emotion. An experimental study is conducted that tests the extent to which these mechanisms mediate environmental frames’ effects on support for an environmental campaign. Results of this study lead to the conclusion that motivational frames are unable to elicit efficacy in the target audience, thus proving ineffectual at influencing attitudes or behaviors. Economic and personal frames are more successful, aligning the audience’s attitudes with the message and operating through psychological proximity, sadness and anger to induce behavioral support for the environmental campaign.     

Infiltration and redistribution of LNAPL into unsaturated layered porous media

Enhanced understanding of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) infiltration into heterogeneous porous media is important for the effective design of remediation strategies. We used a 2-D experimental facility that allows for visual observation of LNAPL contours in order to study LNAPL redistribution in a layered porous medium. The layers are situated in the unsaturated zone near the watertable and they are inclined to be able to observe the effect of discontinuities in capillary forces and relative permeabilities. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment consisted of LNAPL infiltration into a fine sand matrix with a coarse sand layer, and the second experiment consisted of a coarse sand matrix and a fine sand layer. The numerical multi-phase flow model STOMP was validated with regard to the experimental results. This model is able to adequately reproduce the experimental LNAPL contours. Numerical sensitivity analysis was also performed. The capillarity contrast between sands was found to be the main controlling factor determining the final LNAPL distribution.     

火力发电厂粉煤灰干燥特性研究

介绍了利用实验台对粉煤灰的干燥特性进行试验研究的情况 ,给出了粉煤灰的干燥曲线、干燥速率曲线和粉煤灰平衡湿含量计算式 ,分析了在干燥过程中粉煤灰的阻力特性 ,为粉煤灰干燥装置的工业化设计提供了理论依据     

A sensibility analysis of model selection in modeling the reactive transport of cesium in crushed granite

We performed a sensibility analysis of model selection in modeling the reactive transport of cesium in crushed granite through model calibration and validation. Based on some solid phase analysis data and kinetic batch experimental results, we hypothesized three two-site sorption models in the LEHGC reactive transport model to fit the breakthrough curves (BTCs) from the corresponding column experiments. The analysis of breakthrough curves shows that both the empirical two-site kinetic linear sorption model and the semi-mechanistic/semi-empirical two-site kinetic surface complexation model, regardless of their complexity, can match our experimental data fairly well under given test conditions. A numerical experiment to further compare the two models shows that they behave differently when the pore velocity is not of the same order of magnitude as our test velocities. This result indicates that further investigations to help determine a better model are needed. We suggest that a multistage column experiment, which tests over the whole range of practical flow velocities, should be conducted to help alleviate inadequate hypothesized models.     

Stable chlorine intramolecular kinetic isotope effects from the abiotic dehydrochlorination of DDT

INTENTION, GOAL, SCOPE, BACKGROUND: Identifying different sources and following reaction pathways of chlorinated organic contaminants in the environment can be challenging, especially when only their concentrations are available. Compound-specific stable chlorine measurements of some contaminants have recently been shown to provide additional information and an increased understanding of their biogeochemistry. These studies, however, have been generally limited to volatile molecules. OBJECTIVE: Here, the stable chlorine isotope ratios of the semi-volatile pesticide, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) were investigated. Specifically, the intramolecular stable chlorine isotopic compositions of DDT and the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for the abiotic dehydrochlorination of DDT to 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene (DDE) were determined. METHODS: Selective chemical oxidation of DDT to dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP) and analysis of each compound was used to calculate the stable chlorine isotope ratios of the alkyl and aromatic chlorines in DDT. To determine the KIE for dehydrochlorination, DDT was reacted in a basic solution to yield DDE at 52 degrees C, 60 degrees C, and 72 degrees C for 3, 5, and 5 days, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Significant intramolecular stable chlorine isotopic differences were observed in one sample of DDT where the alkyl and aromatic delta 37Cl values were -5.76 +/- 0.45 and -2.21 +/- 0.24%@1000, respectively. Dehydrochlorination of DDT to DDE in basic solutions at 52, 60, and 70 degrees C resulted in a substantial intramolecular KIE where the alkyl chlorines of DDE shifted by approximately 3%@1000 relative to the alkyl chlorines in DDT. However, no temperature dependence was observed. The KIE, calculated by an iterative program, was 1.009. CONCLUSIONS: Intramolecular differences in the stable chlorine isotope ratios were observed in DDT and this is the first such finding. Dehydrochlorination of DDT yields a measurable and distinct intramolecular stable chlorine KIE. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The results of this study demonstrate the existence of significant intramolecular differences in chlorinated organic compounds. Many other chlorinated semi-volatile and volatile organic contaminants are synthesized from multiple sources of chlorine, and we recommend that similar studies be performed on many such molecules in order to attain a clear understanding of their intramolecular chlorine isotopic differences. The existence of a measurable KIE for the dehydrochlorination of DDT to DDE shows the potential strength of using isotopic measurements to investigate the biogeochemistry of these important compounds. For example, the isotopically depleted aqueous chloride produced by dehydrochlorination of DDT to DDE may be a useful tracer of these reactions in freshwater environments.     

环境和营养条件对煤油生物降解的影响

研究了南极假丝酵母（Candida antarctica)JWSH-112降解煤油烃的影响因素。利用正交试验方法，确证了最优条件为煤油14（ψ/%），NaNO32.0gL61,NaH2PO40.1gL^-1，蛋白胨2.0gL^-1，初始pH6.5，其中蛋白胨是影响JWSH－112降解煤油烃的重要因素。采用优化后的条件进行验证实验，煤油烃的生物降解率（49．2％）和细胞生长质量浓度（1.9gL^-1)均加高于正交试验中的最高生物降解率（47．9％）和细胞生长质量浓度（1.5gL^-1)。通过气相色谱定性分析发现，生物降解后煤油中的部分组份消失或含量明显降低。图6表5参13     

三峡库区次级河流回水区环境因子对藻类生长影响的模拟实验研究

从三峡库区次级河流139m回水区采集水样,选用L9(34)正交表进行藻类培养试验,以Chla最大浓度作为指标选择适合藻类生长的适宜条件.结果表明,当控制水样温度为20℃、光照为8000lx、活性磷酸盐和溶解无机氮浓度分别为2.86μmol·L-1、85.71μmol·L-1时藻类生长最好;磷为限制该水域藻类生长的营养元素,藻类生长氮磷元素适宜摩尔比约为30:1.在适宜生长条件下,对数期藻细胞比生长率达到1.03d-1,稳定期Chla最大浓度达到110mg·m-3.     

介质阻挡放电脱除模拟工业苯系物的可行性

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)技术降解流动态"三苯"(苯、甲苯和二甲苯)模拟废气,分析了浓度、气体流速对其降解的影响.对混合"三苯"废气进行单级和串联运行中试放大试验研究,结果显示,DBD串联可以在一定程度上提高"三苯"的去除率.三级申联时三种气体去除率都达到89%以上,对"三苯"混合废气单位体积处理费用进行了估算,结果表明,单级运行时1000m3废气处理费用只需1～3元.最后指出,要真正实现DBD降解苯系物工业化,首先要解决的还是管壁结焦和出流气体中的气溶胶粒子问题.     

饮用水源地重金属溶出的影响研究——以广东石门台水库为例

文章研究对饮用水源地水水质现状进行了全面调查;采集水源地土壤进行浸泡释放实验和模拟酸雨的淋溶实验,结果表明在充分搅拌释放条件下,释放污染物对于水质影响不大;而淋溶实验表明各元素释放强度依次为:Mn>Ni>Cu>Pb>As>Hg;Mn和Ni的淋出液浓度超过了地表水水源地水质标准;pH为3.0和5.6的酸雨对于硫铁矿区重金属的溶出和迁移均是有利条件,pH为5.6的酸雨对于钨矿区重金属的溶出更为有利。