Applying choice experiments to valuing the different types of environmental issues in Japan

In this study, improvements of different types of environmental issues in Japan, (i) reduction of mortality risk due to exposure to suspended particulate matter (SPM), (ii) improvement of the water quality of an urban river, and (iii) protection of goshawks, were evaluated in monetary terms using choice experiments. It was found that the reduction of mortality risk and the improvement of the water quality were highly valued, while residents did not place high value on the protection of goshawks. However, scope sensitivity was not observed in the evaluation of each issue and the presence of moral satisfaction was revealed. Excluding the effect of lexicographic choices could partly solve the problem concerning scope sensitivity. The results suggested that non-scope sensitive values that were unrelated to or inconsistent with the level of environmental improvement could be estimated through choice experiments in this research.     

碱性过硫酸钾法测定总氮的精密度偏性实验分析

通过碱性过硫酸钾法测定总氮的精密度偏性实验及其结果分析,提出测定总氮的过程中应注意功能室的环境要求及一些细小的分析细节,并提出相应的建议.     

铁路环境噪声评价物理模拟方法研究

本文依据声学相似律理论，重点讨论了声学物理模拟实验的实现方法，并通过现场实验测量结果验证了模型实验测量结果。研究结果表明，采用物理模拟实验方法研究、评价铁路噪声，尤其是建筑群中的声场分布是可行和可靠的。     

Historical alteration in the nitrogen concentration and N natural abundance of mosses in Germany: Indication for regionally varying changes in atmospheric nitrogen deposition within the last 140 years

Historical alterations of nitrogen deposition in the western part of Germany were investigated by comparing nitrogen concentrations and ¹⁵N natural abundance of historical and recent samples of the two pleurocarpous mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Scleropodium purum. Pooling of the data revealed only slight tissue N increases over the past 140 years which were significant nevertheless. At closer examination on the single site level historical increases of N concentrations were found particularly for some sites in regions where agricultural activities were considerably intensified during the second half of the 20th century. The comparison of δ¹⁵N values showed a strong depletion of ¹⁵N natural abundance in areas currently heavily influenced by livestock management. This indicates an increased impact of NH_y compounds. However, the almost unchanged δ¹⁵N values in some low mountain range areas with only moderate intensification of agriculture point to a more or less constant ratio of NH_y/NO_x input over time. Significant correlations of both tissue N concentrations and ¹⁵N natural abundance between the two species justify the assumption that they use the same nitrogen source, probably atmospheric deposition.     

稳定同位素识别水体硝酸盐污染来源的研究进展

水体硝酸盐污染已经成为一个世界性的水质问题。为了确保供水安全和有效治理水环境中硝酸盐污染,准确识别水体中硝酸盐的污染来源显得尤为重要。近年来,硝酸盐稳定氮(δ15 N)和氧(δ18 O)同位素示踪技术被广泛用于识别水环境中硝酸盐的污染来源。然而,水环境中硝酸盐污染来源的复杂性和同位素分馏的影响,致使该项技术的应用存在一定的局限性。概括了硝酸盐中的δ15 N和δ18 O的典型值域范围,阐述了多种同位素技术联合识别水体中硝酸盐污染来源的方法以及应用模型定量解析硝酸盐污染源贡献率,最后,对该领域未来的发展方向进行了阐述。     

Variations in stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in atmospheric water vapor in the marine boundary layer across a wide latitude range

The newly-developed cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy analyzer with special calibration protocols has enabled the direct measurement of atmospheric vapor isotopes at high spatial and temporal resolution. This paper presents real-time hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope data for atmospheric water vapor above the sea surface, over a wide range of latitudes spanning from 38°N to 69°S. Our results showed relatively higher values of 8180 and 82H in the subtropical regions than those in the tropical and high latitude regions, and also a notable decreasing trend in the Antarctic coastal region. By combining the hydrogen and oxygen isotope data with meteoric water line and backward trajectory model analysis, we explored the kinetic fractionation caused by subsiding air masses and related saturated vapor pressure in the subtropics, and the evaporation-driven kinetic fractionation in the Antarctic region. Simultaneous observations of meteorological and marine variables were used to interpret the isotopic composition characteristics and influential factors, indicating that d-excess is negatively correlated with humidity across a wide range of latitudes and weather conditions worldwide. Coincident with previous studies, d-excess is also positively correlated with sea surface temperature and air temperature （Tair）, with greater sensitivity to Tair. Thus, atmospheric vapor isotopes measured with high accuracy and good spatial- temporal resolution could act as informative tracers for exploring the water cycle at different regional scales. Such monitoring efforts should be undertaken over a longer time period and in different regions of the world.     

汞污染土壤稳定化固化修复技术工程应用试验研究

选用稳定化固化修复技术对云南一化工企业场地受汞污染的土壤进行修复工程应用研究。使用不同的稳定化、固定化试剂考察稳定化固化修复技术对该场地污染土壤的修复效果;同时也考察了土壤性质、样品形态、混合方式等因素对污染土壤处理效率的影响。研究结果显示:所选用的稳定化固化试剂添加量、不同样品性质和混合方式对该化工场地的土壤污染修复效果具有显著的影响。     

Experimental investigation on flexural behavior of friction stir welded high density polyethylene sheets

Flexural strength is one of the main criteria in evaluation of the mechanical properties of polymeric joints. The flexural strength of thermoplastics, such as high density polyethylene (HDPE) sheets, is influenced by friction stir welding parameters. The determination of the welding parameters plays an important role in the weld strength. In the present study, the response surface method (RSM) was used as a statistical design of experiment technique to set the optimal welding parameters. The designed tool was consisted of a rotating pin, a stationary shoulder (shoe) and a heating system inside shoe. Rotational speed of the pin, tool traverse speed and shoe temperature were considered as varying parameters. Obtained results show a significant relationship between considered properties and processing parameters through an analysis of variance (ANOVA) study and the response surface method. It was found that welding at a high level of rotational speed and a lower level of tool travel speed increases weld flexural strength by reducing size of defects.     

高效稳定的单一汞同位素大气发生系统

汞在大气-植被-土壤界面间的迁移转化一直是近年来研究的热点,稳定汞同位素添加技术为这一科学问题的研究提供了新的手段,而如何产生低浓度、稳定、连续且经济可行的单一汞同位素大气(xxx Hg0)是试验研究的难点与关键。本试验旨在设计、创建微环境单一汞同位素富集大气的发生系统,该系统不仅具有低成本,可以连续产生低浓度、稳定性强、可控性高、利用效率高的同位素汞蒸气(xxx Hg0)特性,还兼有轻便灵巧、安装便捷、可移动性强和适用范围广等特点。     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌YL的脱氮特性

针对传统自养硝化-厌氧反硝化工艺流程长、脱氮效率低的问题,从驯化成熟且具有高效同步硝化反硝化作用的SBR反应器中筛得1株异养硝化菌YL,经鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),并通过单因子试验和正交试验对其异养硝化和好氧反硝化特性进行了研究.结果表明,菌株YL进行氨氧化作用的最适条件为:碳源为琥珀酸钠、C/N为10、p H为7.0、温度为30℃、转速为160~200 r·min-1,此时氨氧化速率为5.05 mg·(g·h)-1,TOC转化速率为45.95 mg·(g·h)-1,氨氮和TOC去除率分别为100%和90.8%;菌株YL还能够利用亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐和羟胺进行生长代谢,去除率分别为92.7%、93.6%和94.8%;影响菌株YL好氧反硝化性能最主要的因素为C/N,在最优条件(C/N=10,T=30℃,r=200 r·min-1,p H=7)下,硝氮去除率为94.6%,总氮去除率76.3%.表明菌株YL能够独立快速高效地完成异养硝化和好氧反硝化脱氮过程.