Quantification, morphology and source of humic acid, kerogen and black carbon in offshore marine sediments from Xiamen Gulf, China

Three types of macromolecular organic matters (MOMs), i.e. humic acid (HA), kerogen+black carbon (KB), and black carbon (BC) were extracted from marine sediments of Xiamen Gulf, southeast of China. The chemical composition, morphological property and source of the three extractions were characterized by elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that KB was the predominant fraction in MOMs, which accounted for 61.79%-89.15% of the total organic content (TOC), while HA consisted less than 5%. The relative high contents of kerogen and BC, and low contents of HA in the samples indicated that anthropogenic input might be the major source of organic matter in marine sediments near the industrial regions. The characterization of SEM, not only revealed morphological properties of the three fractions, but also allowed a better understanding of the source of MOMs. The δ 13 C values of the three fractions suggested that materials from terrestrial C 3 plants were predominant. Furthermore, the anthropogenic activities, such as the discharge of sewage, coal and biomass combustion from industry nearby and agricultural practices within drainage basin of the Jiulong River, were remarkably contributed to the variations in δ 13 C values of MOMs in the offshore marine sediments.     

Removement of thiocyanate from industrial wastewater by microwave-Fenton oxidation method

The microwave radiation oxidation process, Fenton as catalytic agent, was used to remove the thiocyanate from the industrial wastewater. The effects of microwave power, radiation time, pH and the feeding in ways of catalyst on the degradation rate of synthetic wastewater were investigated using the microwave radiation oxidation process by orthogonal experiment. The results show Fenton catalyst ratio was 1:20, the microwave radiation power was 900 W, the microwave radiation time was 7 min and the value of pH was 3. Under the optimum conditions, the removal of KSCN can reach over 90%. The apparent kinetics of removal was studied, which conformed to kinetics first-class reaction. In short, for the thiocyanate from the industrial wastewater, microwave-Fenton oxidation method is feasible and effective.     

可调型组合式水解-接触氧化工艺研究与工程应用

小型工厂生产废水具有水质、水量波动大的特点,普通处理工艺很难适应有水质、水量的大幅度波动。采取可调性组合式水解酸化-接触氧化工艺具有较高的抗冲击负荷和很好的可调节性,应用该工艺可以使处理设施运行稳定,出水达标排放。     

深层搅拌桩试桩设计及静载试验参数分析

通过对深层搅拌桩静载实验结果参数分析，确定深层搅拌桩进行软基加固静载实验的可行性。     

干电池中重金属的浸出特性及危害研究

所有的家用干电池中都或多或少含有不同种类的重金属。这些重金属进入环境并达到一定含量后 ,其毒性对人体健康和生物圈会造成潜在危害。而电池进入填埋场后是否会发生壳体破损并造成重金属污染 ?本文针对废干电池进入填埋场后 ,重金属的释放和污染情况进行了试验研究。结果表明 ,电池壳体可有效阻止电池中重金属的释放 ,即便是在破损后对渗滤液中重金属的贡献也是微乎其微的。     

庐山地区大气降水中稳定同位素变化特征

氢氧稳定同位素技术被广泛用来研究水循环过程中的水汽来源、水量平衡及不同水体间的补给关系。以2016年4月至2017年4月在庐山地区三个不同研究点（庐山西北面莲花镇,山顶牯岭镇和东南面海会镇）采集的102个次降水样品同位素资料为基础,应用线性回归分析和对比分析等方法,对庐山地区大气降水中氢氧稳定同位素和氘盈余的时空分布特征及大气水汽来源进行了研究。结果发现：庐山地区夏半年降水中的稳定同位素值δ¹⁸O平均值（-6.1‰）小于冬半年（-4.8‰）;氢氧同位素特征和氘盈余呈现明显的季节差异;平均氘盈余值（10.6‰）大于全球大部分地区的评估值（10.0‰）;当地大气降水线（LMWL）δD=7.45δ¹⁸O+8.36与全球大气降水线（GMWL）δD=8δ¹⁸O+10相比,其斜率和截距均偏小。结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型分析同位素特征发现,庐山地区大气水汽夏半年主要来源于低纬度南海和印度洋,冬半年来自于干燥的华北和西北内陆;局地水汽影响和地理位置差异导致了降雨同位素特征的空间差异性。本研究可为今后展开庐山地区水循环过程的研究提供科学依据。     

13C-PLFA分析方法及其在土壤微生物研究中的应用

磷脂脂肪酸（PLFA）是重要的生物标志物之一,能够提供有关微生物群落结构的信息。将PLFA分析与稳定性同位素¹³C示踪技术结合（¹³C-PLFA）,可以指示微生物群落对于环境变化的响应及微生物群落间的相互作用。该技术在土壤生态系统的研究中已得到广泛应用。本文主要基于¹³C-PLFA技术的研究现状,介绍了该技术的原理和分析方法,举例阐述了¹³C-PLFA技术在土壤微生物生态学中的应用,包括植物-土壤系统中碳的微生物利用、外源碳的微生物利用、污染物的微生物降解以及在甲烷氧化菌等特定微生物群体的应用。同时分析了¹³C-PLFA技术在应用中的优缺点,并展望了其未来应用。     

Stable-isotope probing of bacterial community for dissolved inorganic carbon utilization in Microcystis aeruginosa-dominated eutrophic water

Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is an important source of carbon in aquatic ecosystems, especially under conditions of increased frequency of cyanobacterial bloom. However, the importance of bacteria in direct or indirect utilization of DIC has been widely overlooked in eutrophic freshwater. To identify the functional bacteria that can actively utilize DIC in eutrophic freshwater during cyanobacterial bloom, stable-isotope probing (SIP) experiments were conducted on eutrophic river water with or without inoculation with cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa). Our 16S rRNA sequencing results revealed the significance of Betaproteobacteria, with similar relative abundance as Alphaproteobacteria, in the active assimilation of H¹³CO₃^? into their DNA directly or indirectly, which include autotrophic genera Betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Other bacterial groups containing autotrophic members, e.g. Planctomycetes and Nitrospira, also presented higher abundance among free-living bacteria in water without cyanobacteria. Microcystis aggregates showed a preference for some specific bacterial members that may utilize H¹³CO₃^? metabolized by Microcystis as organic matter, e.g. Bacteroidetes (Cytophagales, Sphingobacteriales), and microcystin-degrading bacteria Betaproteobacteria (Paucibacter/Burkholderiaceae). This study provides some valuable information regarding the functional bacteria that can actively utilize DIC in eutrophic freshwater.     

北山地区大气降水中水化学及稳定同位素特征

为揭示甘肃北山地区大气降水的水化学及同位素特征,利用2012~2019年度采集的97件大气降水样品,采用相关性分析,富集因子,气团后向轨迹分析等多种方法对北山地区稳定同位素变化特征及其影响因素,降水中主要离子变化特征,不同离子来源及贡献,水汽来源进行了分析.结果表明,北山地区区域降水线的斜率与截距均高于张掖地区大气降水线;该区降水中稳定同位素比率明显受季节性,温度和高程效应的影响,在年尺度下,降雨量效应不明显;该区降水中氘盈余变化较大,雨季降水中氘盈余显著小于旱季降水中氘盈余值;北山地区大气降水的水化学型主要为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca和HCO₃-Ca型,降水中离子浓度具有明显的季节性变化,降雨量的增加对离子浓度具有一定的稀释作用;Na⁺受海源和陆源物质的双重影响;绝大部分的Ca²⁺,K⁺,HCO₃^-和部分Mg²⁺来源于陆源,SO₄^2-与NO₃^-的主要来自于人类活动输入;区内冬夏季水汽来源基本一致,来源于西北方向的季风源是北山地区最主要的水汽来源.研究成果可为我国高放废物地质处置库选址和性能评价以及未来地下处置库建设提供依据,也有助于丰富西北干旱区的水文循环过程研究.     

楠溪江硝态氮来源定量识别及其不确定性分析

选择温州市楠溪江流域为研究区,通过水化学分析和硝态氮中氮氧稳定同位素示踪技术,对水体硝态氮时空分布特征、迁移转化过程和污染来源进行识别,结合稳定同位素源解析模型（SIAR）,定量识别不同污染源的贡献率,并在此基础上应用概率统计方法对模拟结果的不确定性进行分析.结果表明：研究区水体氮素赋存形态以硝态氮为主;硝态氮含量呈现明显的时空变化,时间上,丰水期硝态氮浓度高于枯水期,空间上,支流硝态氮浓度高于主河道;硝化作用主导了流域内硝态氮的转化过程,化肥、土壤有机氮和粪便污水是楠溪江水体硝态氮的主要来源;SIAR模型计算显示大气沉降、化肥、土壤有机氮、粪便污水对枯水期水体硝态氮的贡献率分别为3.0%~12.9%,25.5%~32.7%,28.7%~36.2%和24.7%~37.5%,对丰水期水体硝态氮贡献率为2.5%~14.3%,28.5%~40.0%,28.8%~39.7%和18.9%~29.90%.模拟结果的不确定性分析表明SIAR模拟结果存在一定程度的不确定性,不同污染源贡献率的不确定性从大到小排序为：土壤有机氮>化肥>粪便污水>大气沉降.