Predictors of urinary bisphenol A and phthalate metabolite concentrations in Mexican children

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates is prevalent among children and adolescents, but little is known regarding important sources of exposure at these sensitive life stages. In this study, we measured urinary concentrations of BPA and nine phthalate metabolites in 108 Mexican children aged 8–13 years. Associations of age, time of day, and questionnaire items on external environment, water use, and food container use with specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations were assessed, as were questionnaire items concerning the use of 17 personal care products in the past 48-h. As a secondary aim, third trimester urinary concentrations were measured in 99 mothers of these children, and the relationship between specific gravity-corrected urinary concentrations at these two time points was explored. After adjusting for potential confounding by other personal care product use in the past 48-h, there were statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive associations in boys for cologne/perfume use and monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and in girls for colored cosmetics use and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), MEHHP, MEOHP, and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), conditioner use and MEP, deodorant use and MEP, and other hair products use and MBP. There was a statistically significant positive trend for the number of personal care products used in the past 48-h and log-MEP in girls. However, there were no statistically significant associations between the analytes and the other questionnaire items and there were no strong correlations between the analytes measured during the third trimester and at 8–13 years of age. We demonstrated that personal care product use is associated with exposure to multiple phthalates in children. Due to rapid development, children may be susceptible to impacts from exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals; thus, reduced or delayed use of certain personal care products among children may be warranted.     

铅同位素解析技术在工业园污染溯源中的应用

针对土壤中重金属污染溯源及解析不同污染源对土壤中铅的相对贡献率问题,以陕西西部某工业园区为例,采集土壤样品、铅锌冶炼厂矿石混合样、热电厂煤样及焦化厂混合煤样共40个,用ICP-MS测定样品的铅浓度及铅同位素比值(208Pb/204Pb、207Pb/204Pb、206Pb/204Pb).借助于铅同位素比值散点图来对比分析采样点土壤、背景点土壤和可能的污染源样品的铅同位素特征分布,判定其主要污染来源.用混合多元模型计算不同污染区域各污染源的贡献率,结果表明,土壤中的铅同位素比值落在铅锌矿石、炼焦用煤及热电燃煤及背景点的铅同位素比值之间,说明各端元介质均有可能对工业园区土壤中的铅污染有贡献.在铅同位素比值散点图中土壤铅浓度大于60 mg/kg的采样点的铅同位素比值集中落在热电燃煤与炼焦用煤附近.统计定量解析结果可知,对工业园区土壤铅污染的贡献大小依次为热电厂、焦化厂和铅锌冶炼厂.研究表明,铅同位素指纹解析技术用于定性与定量解析工业园区土壤铅污染效果较为理想.     

Variations in δ13C of water–soluble leaf and phloem organic matter of Platycladus orientalis: influences of photosynthetic and post–photosynthetic fractionation

Analysis of variations in water–soluble organic matter (WSOM) δ¹³C of leaves and phloem can efficiently describe the δ¹³C distributions within plants and identify the temporal variation of δ¹³C. In this study, WSOM δ¹³C values of both leaves and phloem (twig, stem, and root) of Platycladus orientalis were measured during seven sunny days, including 2–hour interval measurements at three days for diel pattern analysis and 6–hour interval measurements at the remaining four days for day–to–day variation analysis. Analysis of WSOM δ¹³C in different plant organs showed that ¹³C was generally depleted from leaves to twigs, then enriched in stems and subsequently depleted in roots. Stems were significantly ¹³C–enriched compared to twigs (p?<?0.05), while δ¹³C differences between stems and other organs and among leaves, twigs and roots were not significant (p?>?0.05). No clear diel patterns in δ¹³C of leaves and phloem were found. Daily average δ¹³C values indicated that all plant organs had more positive values on sunny days during the dry season than during the wet season. Both photosynthetic and post–photosynthetic fractionation influence variations in WSOM δ¹³C. These results have implications for research on plant physiology and plant water use.     

青藏高原东麓贡嘎山东坡土壤中Pb的来源解析

选择青藏高原东麓典型山地——贡嘎山(东坡),根据不同海拔梯度(海拔2 000~4 500 m)差异设置8个采样点,根据土壤发育情况分别采集O层(有机层)、A层(矿物质层)和C层(母质层)样品,分析土壤中w(Pb)的海拔分布特征,并利用FA-MLR(因子回归分析)法、地球化学指标法和Pb同位素三元混合模型定量判识表层土壤中Pb的来源. 结果表明:①各层土壤中w(Pb)表现为O层〔(41.73±4.38)mg/kg〕>A层〔(30.47±2.17)mg/kg〕>C层〔(23.04±1.50)mg/kg〕(P<0.05). 随着海拔的增加,O层和A层中w(Pb)总体呈升高—降低—升高趋势;C层中w(Pb)随着海拔的变化无显著差异,表明贡嘎山东坡土壤中w(Pb)的地球化学背景值基本一致. ②各层土壤中206Pb/207Pb表现为O层208Pb/206Pb表现为O层>A层>C层. ③Pb同位素三元混合模型结果显示,表层(O层和A层)土壤中Pb可能受到化石燃料燃烧和矿物开采及金属冶炼活动的影响;根据FA-MLR法、地球化学指标法和Pb同位素三元混合模型这3种方法,得到O层中污染Pb所占比例分别达到84.9%、66.0%和63.7%,A层中分别为56.6%、27.8%和44.9%;在海拔分布上,Pb的污染在海拔2 770 m以下主要归因于当地化石燃料的燃烧,而在林线(约3 700 m)以上则来自矿物开采及金属冶炼活动.      

基于化学分析和气象信息综合表征大气铅污染

对天津市1998年11月-1999年2月期间21个玻璃纤维滤膜大气颗粒物样品,采用稀酸浸出法溶解后,测量了ρ(Pb),w(Pb)和同位素丰度比206Pb/207Pb.采用IDAS软件对样品进行聚类分析,分组的结果表明,在不同的天气条件下,各种污染源排放的贡献也不同.48 h反向风迹图提供了大量详实的气象信息,结合ρ(TSP),ρ(Pb),w(Pb)和同位素丰度比的数据,可用于综合表征铅污染的状况.      

乌鲁木齐空气颗粒物中PAHs碳同位素组成及来源解析

报道了乌鲁木齐城区空气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)化合物的稳定碳同位素组成特征,解析了PAHs的来源.气相色谱/燃烧系统/同位素质谱分析表明,该市空气颗粒物中PAHs化合物的δ¹³C值为-23.5‰～-31.3‰,随着分子量的增大,PAHs化合物中13C含量降低.利用同位素质量平衡二元模型,计算了燃煤污染源与机动车排气对城区苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘和苯并(ghi)苝的贡献,前者分别为72%、97%和95%,后者分别为28%、3%和5%.苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘和苯并(ghi)苝的相对含量分别为2.8%,29.1%和25.1%,占PAHs总量的57%,计算的三者的燃煤污染源总贡献量为78.6%,与利用化学质量平衡模型计算得出的结果(84%的PAHs源于燃煤)相近.     

上海地区大气降水中氢氧同位素特征及其环境意义

本研究基于上海地区2016年9月～2017年8月期间采集的大气降水样品,测定并分析了雨水中δD、δ¹⁸O和δ¹⁷O特征,进一步探索氘盈余（d值）和¹⁷O盈余的环境意义。结果显示：（1）降水同位素年内变化明显,δD、δ¹⁸O和δ¹⁷O同位素比值冬春偏重、夏秋偏轻,单次降水过程中同位素呈不断贫化的趋势;（2）δ¹⁸O存在降雨量效应和反温度效应：大气降水线方程、d值显示上海地区气候整体温和湿润,蒸发作用相对较小;冬春季降水较少,相对湿度较小,同位素较富集;夏秋季降水较多,相对湿度较高,同位素较为贫化;（3）综合分析¹⁷O盈余,发现上海地区大汽降水的水汽处于从海洋向陆地转移的过程当中,在运移过程中受到沿途陆表蒸发,且雨季的大气降水来源主要为海洋气团,干季主要来源于内陆,以本地蒸发为主。     

Development of indirect competitive fluorescence immunoassay for 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether using DNA/dye conjugate as antibody multiple labels

An indirect competitive fluorescence immunoassay using a DNA/dye conjugate as antibody multiple labels was developed on 96-well plates for the identification and quantification of 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in aqueous samples. A hapten, 2,4,2′-tribromodiphenyl ether-4′-aldehyde, was synthesized, and was conjugated to bovine serum albumin to form a coating antigen. Specific recognition of the antigen by anti-PBDE antiserum was confirmed by a surface plasmon resonance measurement. In the immunoassay, the coating antigen was adsorbed on a 96-well plate first, and a sample, antiserum and biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody were then added and reacted sequentially. A biotinylated, double-stranded DNA with 219 base pairs was attached to the secondary antibody by using streptavidin as a molecular bridge. In situ multiple labeling of the antibody was accomplished after addition of a DNA-binding fluorescent dye, SYBR Green I. The working range of the immunoassay for the BDE-47 standard was 3.1-390 μg/L, with an IC₅₀ value of 15.6 μg/L. The calculated LOD of the immunoassay is 0.73 μg/L. The immunoassay demonstrated relatively high selectivity for BDE-47, showing very low cross-reactivity (< 3%) with BDE-15, BDE-153 and BDE-209. With a spiked river water sample containing 50 μup g/L BDE-47, quantification by the immunoassay was 41.9 μg/L, which compared well with the standard GC-ECD method (45.7 μg/L). The developed immunoassay provides a rapid screening tool for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental samples.     

北京密云水库流域水体夏季DOC和DIC质量浓度及同位素组成初探

为丰富水库水体碳循环研究,有效地从源头控制饮用水源水营养盐输入.以北京境内密云水库及其主要入库河流（密云水库流域水体,包括白河干支流、潮河干支流和密云水库）为研究对象,京密引水渠水体为参比,对比分析了夏季不同水体溶解性有机碳和溶解性无机碳的质量浓度水平及碳同位素组成.结果表明,密云水库流域水体夏季溶解性有机碳（DOC）质量浓度的总体变化范围是1.07~5.19 mg ·L^-1,平均值是2.61 mg ·L^-1;δ¹³C_DOC值变化范围为-27.4‰~-24.3‰,平均值为-25.8‰.入库河流夏季DOC主要来自土壤有机质,密云水库夏季DOC主要来自陆源C3植物,内源物质对流域水体DOC同样有一定贡献,水位升高导致库滨带淹水可能是密云水库DOC偏高的重要原因.研究区域水体夏季δ¹³C_DIC值变化范围为-12.6‰~-5.75‰,平均值为-9.44‰,土壤CO₂溶解碳酸盐岩过程是河流溶解性无机碳（DIC）的主要贡献者,且DIC明显被水生生物的光合作用所利用.密云水库溶解性碳（DOC和DIC）浓度显著高于京密引水渠水体（P<0.01）,两种水体碳素浓度、组分可能存在差异.总体上,除个别点位外,密云水库流域水体夏季DOC受人类生活源影响较小,DIC转化为DOC可能同样是夏季库区水体DOC的潜在来源.     

开封城市河流底泥重金属积累生态风险评价及同位素源解析

分析了开封市不同区位3条代表性河流底泥样品中重金属总量及形态.采用改进的Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价了不同区位河流底泥的污染情况.使用MC-ICP-MS分析了Pb、Zn和Cu的稳定同位素组成,并基于此尝试解析底泥中重金属污染来源.结果表明：①开封城市河流底泥各重金属含量均超过环境背景值,重金属污染以Cd最为严重,其次为Zn、Cu、Pb、As、Cr和Ni.位于老工业区的化肥河底泥中重金属的平均含量明显高于老城区和新开发区.②从形态分布来看,开封城市河流底泥重金属Cd和Zn的生物有效态含量最高,具有较高的潜在风险.老工业区河流底泥中重金属的生物有效态含量高于老城区及新开发区.③潜在生态风险评价结果表明,位于老工业区的化肥河底泥重金属污染表现为很强生态风险程度的V等级,位于老城区的黄汴河和新开发区的马家河则均表现为强生态风险程度.④基于Pb-Zn-Cu同位素组成表明,老工业区底泥重金属主要来自工业活动,老城区黄汴河和新开发区马家河重金属主要来自生活污水的排放及城市地表径流.