不同组织碳、氮元素含量和同位素分馏特征研究—以抚仙湖草鱼、鱇浪白鱼为例

结合抚仙湖浮游植物、水生植物等样品,对野生植食性草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)31个组织和野生肉食性鱇浪白鱼(Anabarilius grahami)17个组织样品碳、氮元素含量和稳定同位素比值(δ13C、δ15N)进行了对比分析.结果显示,鱼类不同组织的碳稳定同位素分馏效应显著,草鱼不同组织...     

“Degrowth” vs. Other Types of Growth: Labeling Affects Emotions but Not Attitudes

Questioning the compatibility of economic growth and environmental sustainability, some scholars and activists call for a degrowth strategy. This idea presents an attack on the economic growth paradigm, and it has thus raised considerable attention. Yet, although many agree with questioning economic growth, a debate continues as to whether the term “degrowth” is (dis)advantageous in wider public communications. This debate, however, lacks empirical evidence. Here, we present two studies on how “degrowth” is perceived compared to other relevant terms. In Study 1, we show that “degrowth” elicits more negative affective and emotional reactions compared to “post-growth” and “prosperity without growth.” In Study 2, we find that the effects of labeling on attitudes and voting intentions toward a sustainable economy are relatively small. These initial results suggest that “degrowth” may evoke somewhat more negative emotional reactions than similar terms, but this may not have significant consequences. We discuss the results and draw implications for communication and further research.     

液态锂铅合金残渣中微量氚的回收

氚提取的系统设计中,如何严格限制氚损失和减小其辐射风险是非常重要的问题.利用同位素交换法对模拟液态锂铅合金残渣中的微量氚进行回收.研究结果表明,同位素交换法对液态锂铅合金残渣中的氚回收是有效的;交换载带气的最佳组成为He 0.1% D2.载带气相同时,交换温度和交换次数对渣中氚的回收率有显著影响.温度越高、交换次数越多,氚回收率越高;823 K时,经过6次交换后的氚回收率接近80%.此外,依据气体与液态金属接触的动力学数学模型,推导出了锂铅合金滞留氚量释放的数学近似表达式.     

环境分子诊断技术在污染场地环境管理中的应用进展

环境分子诊断技术(EMDSs)是有机单体同位素分析和各种分子生物学技术的总称,将其应用于污染场地特征识别、修复方案可行性评估、监测和修复终止等污染场地环境管理过程中,探明土壤和地下水中污染物生物和非生物降解过程、降解速率及机制,确定不同污染来源,可弥补传统污染场地环境管理方法的不足,具有广阔的发展前景。文章综述了污染场地环境管理过程及传统方法的不足,介绍了有机单体同位素分析和各种分子生物学技术的基本原理和用途,并对各种技术的特点进行阐述和对比;介绍了EMDSs在污染场地环境管理中的实际应用,提出了EMDSs的发展趋势。     

稳定同位素用于闽南夏季云下洗脱过程的研究

使用稳定同位素方法对闽南夏季云下洗脱过程进行研究;对闽南夏季降水中稳定同位素丰度比进行了测试．氢氧同位素丰度比分析发现,降水氢氧同位素丰度比存在较大分馏,但同一降水云系中δＤ／δ１８Ｏ值是稳定的,可以作为判别降水来源的特征量．对降水中硫同位素丰度比分析发现,当大气中气溶胶和气体硫同位素均呈负值时,降水中富集３４Ｓ,反之相反．并使用稳定同位素平衡模型估算事件型降水云下洗脱过程的作用,厦门前期降水云中、云下洗脱硫的比例分别为１９．５％和８０．５％,中期降水云中、云下洗脱硫的比例分别为３２．３％和５７．７％,后期降水云中、云下洗脱硫的比例分别为５３％和４７％,漳州云中,云下洗脱比例接近     

稀有气体同位素质谱计及其在地球化学中的应用研究

稀有气体同位素质谱计根据不同荷质比的离子在同一磁场下偏转角度不同的原理,可以测定稀有气体多种同位素的比值及含量。文章简述了近年来稀有气体同位素质谱计的研制现状及其在气体样品、固体样品、水样、同位素定年及地质灾害五方面的地球化学应用现状,并指出了当前在仪器本身及其应用方面还存在的问题及发展趋势。     

“积木式做法”研究及对我国实施GHS范围的建议

从分析我国实施GHS的问题出发,详细研究GHS的"积木式做法",指出实施GHS可以根据实际情况有选择地采用其危险性分类。同时分析我国现阶段化学品相关实验室技术支撑能力,结合目前化学品监管范围,提出实施GHS的重点,要先实现我国化学品监管范围与GHS相关危险性的分类统一,再逐步将GHS其他危险性分类引入我国危险化学品监管范围,并对现阶段实施GHS的危险性种类和类别提出启动物理化学性质引起的危险、急性毒性和皮肤腐蚀/刺激性、危害水生环境分类标准的实施工作建议。     

Effects of Invasive Cordgrass on Presence of Marsh Grassbird in an Area where It Is Not Native

The threatened Marsh Grassbird (Locustella pryeri) first appeared in the salt marsh in east China after the salt marsh was invaded by cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), a non‐native invasive species. To understand the dependence of non‐native Marsh Grassbird on the non‐native cordgrass, we quantified habitat use, food source, and reproductive success of the Marsh Grassbird at the Chongming Dongtan (CMDT) salt marsh. In the breeding season, we used point counts and radio‐tracking to determine habitat use by Marsh Grassbirds. We analyzed basal food sources of the Marsh Grassbirds by comparing the δ¹³C isotope signatures of feather and fecal samples of birds with those of local plants. We monitored the nests through the breeding season and determined the breeding success of the Marsh Grassbirds at CMDT. Density of Marsh Grassbirds was higher where cordgrass occurred than in areas of native reed (Phragmites australis) monoculture. The breeding territory of the Marsh Grassbird was composed mainly of cordgrass stands, and nests were built exclusively against cordgrass stems. Cordgrass was the major primary producer at the base of the Marsh Grassbird food chain. Breeding success of the Marsh Grassbird at CMDT was similar to breeding success within its native range. Our results suggest non‐native cordgrass provides essential habitat and food for breeding Marsh Grassbirds at CMDT and that the increase in Marsh Grassbird abundance may reflect the rapid spread of cordgrass in the coastal regions of east China. Our study provides an example of how a primary invader (i.e., cordgrass) can alter an ecosystem and thus facilitate colonization by a second non‐native species. Efectos de Spartina alterniflora Invasora Sobre Locustella pryeri en un Área Donde No Es Nativa     

Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and its long-term dynamics in a southeast China coastal area

Measurements were conducted during 2004-2005 and 2009-2010 to characterize atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition to the Jiulong River Estuary - Xiamen Bay area in southeast China. Isotopic analysis and long-term data (1990-2009) for inorganic N extracted from the national acid deposition dataset were used to determine the dominant source of atmospheric nitrate and N component dynamics. The results showed that the mean dissolved total N concentration in rain water for the three coastal area sites was 2.71 ± 1.58 mg N L(-1) (n = 141) in 2004. The mean dissolved inorganic N at the Xiamen site was 1.62 ± 1.19 mg N L(-1) (n = 46) in 2004-2005 and 1.56 ± 1.39 mg N L(-1) (n = 36) in 2009-2010, although the difference is not significant, nitrate turnover dominates the N component in the latter period. Total deposition flux over Xiamen was 30 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1), of which dry and wet deposition contributed 16% and 84%, respectively. Nitrate in wet deposition with low isotopic value (between -3.05 and -7.48‰) was likely to have mostly originated from combustion NO(x) from vehicle exhausts. The inorganic N in acid deposition exhibited a significant increase (mainly for nitrate) since the mid-1990s, which is consistent with the increased gaseous concentrations of NO(x) and expanding number of automobiles in the coastal city (Xiamen). The time series of nitrate anions and ammonium cations as well as pH values during the period 1990-2009 reflected an increasing trend of N emission with potential implication for N-induced acidification.     

泉州湾洛阳江河口潮间带柱状沉积物铅同位素组成的变化与来源

不同源区铅同位素的组成不同,可以利用铅同位素的这种“指纹”特征来示踪铅的不同来源.泉州湾洛阳江河口潮间带柱状沉积物中,从底层到表层其铅同位素组成呈现出一定的变化规律,其中207 pb/204Pb呈上升趋势,206 Pb/2077 Pb和208 Pb/(2066pb+207 Pb)呈下降趋势.铅污染的来源主要与工业生产、污水排放和燃油尾气排放有关,受燃煤的影响很少,从底层到表层铅同位素组成的演化趋势为:由工业及污水排放逐渐向汽车尾气方向飘移结合定年分析,推断出油铅的污染起源于20世纪80年代中期,其污染呈不断加重趋势;其中表层沉积物中铅的污染受汽车尾气排放的影响最为严重.对不同时期沉积物中铅污染的来源及其相对贡献率研究表明,1973年到1984年间,沉积物受燃油铅的影响较少,其污染来源主要以工业污染为主,其贡献率占70％以上;1984到1994年间汽车尾气铅的贡献率迅速上升,占到了50％;而1996年到2008年汽车尾气铅的贡献率逐渐增加,由50％上升到了66％.