喀斯特地区小尺度农业土壤砷的空间分布及污染评价

贵州岩溶地貌分布广泛,部分地区的土壤砷(As)污染问题比较突出.为了解高As背景地区农业土壤As含量分布特征,选取贵州省兴义市西南部具有代表性的As污染区(典型喀斯特区、亚喀斯特区)为研究对象,并以非喀斯特区作为对照组,采用地统计分析与GIS相结合的方法研究农业土壤As的空间变异和污染状况,并采用Moran's I系数分析在小尺度下土壤As的空间自相关性及其方向性特征.结果表明,不同地貌区土壤中As含量从高到低依次为:典型喀斯特区亚喀斯特区非喀斯特区,其中典型喀斯特区农业土壤As的算术均值与几何均值分别为47. 9 mg·kg~(-1)和43. 3 mg·kg~(-1),亚喀斯特区其值分别为36. 8 mg·kg~(-1)和30. 1 mg·kg~(-1),两个区域农业土壤As含量明显高于贵州土壤As背景值,As的超标率分别为98. 5%和96. 7%,表现出明显的As累积,而非喀斯特区As超标率仅为6. 7%;独立样本T检验结果表明,在3个不同地貌类型中,农业土壤与自然土壤As含量均无显著性差异(P 0. 05).农业土壤As的Moran's I系数为0. 45,Z值为11. 61,在本采样尺度下具有显著的正空间自相关(P 0. 05),存在空间聚集,尤其是东北-西南方向空间自相关性较好,以结构性变异为主.农业土壤样本As总体上处于轻微污染至轻度污染之间,分别占27. 10%、29. 02%,部分地区处于中度污染级别,而处于无污染状态的样本占41. 94%.     

贵州遵义高坪水源地岩溶地下水重金属污染健康风险初步评价

健康风险评价是定量描述污染物对人体健康产生危害的重要方法. 对贵州省遵义市高坪水源地岩溶地下水21个采样点中Cd,Cr,Pb和Cu的含量进行了调查研究,并应用目前美国环境保护局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型,对该地岩溶地下水中重金属所引起的健康风险做出初步评价. 结果表明:研究区内丰水期健康危害的个人致癌风险最大值为3.52×10-5 a-1,没有超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的通过饮水途径最大可接受风险水平(5.00×10-5 a-1);枯水期各采样点的个人致癌风险值为10-8～10-7 a-1,远低于ICRP推荐的最大可接受水平. 丰水期的健康风险明显大于枯水期,重金属Cr是产生风险的主要污染物.      

西南喀斯特山地的土壤侵蚀研究探讨

西南喀斯特山区具有独特的喀斯特土壤特征与土壤侵蚀的环境效应,普遍面临着因土壤侵蚀导致的"石漠化"问题.已有研究认为,在气候、地质地貌、植被和人为活动等环境因素的影响下,喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀以混合侵蚀方式进行.但由于对喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀过程的认识不同,致使研究者得出土壤侵蚀强度差异较大的研究结果.有关喀斯特土壤侵蚀系统研究重点应该在土壤侵蚀机制、土壤侵蚀分级强度与土壤合理流失量等方面开展研究.     

Integrated measures for preservation, restoration and improvement of the environmental conditions of the Lagoon Olho d'Água basin

The Lagoon Olho d'Água in Pernambuco State, Northeast Brazil has received increasing environmental concern due to significant stress from pollution in the catchment. The existing environmental problems are the result of great pressure from a broad range of human activities, especially in the last 10 years. Serious pollution exists mainly from some industrial and urban activities, which increased intensively after the eighties. There is a strong social and economical pressure for housing and construction near the lagoon, due to the available land nearby beaches and estuarine zone, and recently by growing tourism activities. Uncontrolled land use by low-income communities and the pressure for construction by developers have led to landfilling and to deterioration of water quality in the lagoon catchment. Improvement of the environmental conditions in the catchment needs integrated measures. Guidelines and some specific actions involving several institutions have been established and refer to sanitation and urban infrastructure as the main priorities. A main target is the construction of low-cost sewage system with smaller and decentralised treatment plants.     

Element Removal in Harvested Tree Biomass: Scenarios for Critical Loads in Wallonia,South Belgium

The critical load concept is nowwidely used as a tool for developing emissioncontrol policies in Europe. As a signatorycountry of the Convention of Long-RangeTransboundary Air Pollution, critical loads foracidity, nutrient nitrogen, nitrogen and sulphurhave been calculated for the Flemish and Walloonregions in Belgium. This paper describes themethodology used for estimating critical loadsfor forest soils in the Walloon region accordingto the Steady-State Mass Balance equations. As anexample the methodology was applied to thecatchment `Waroneu', situated in a sensitive areaof the Haute Ardenne. Main input parameters tothe equations were derived from precipitation andrunoff data of the catchment study. Improvedestimates of nitrogen uptake (Nu) and base cationuptake (BCu) were obtained by intensive samplingof Picea abies and Quercus roburtrees. Nutrient contents (Ca, Mg, K, N) andnutrient to nitrogen ratios of Picea abiesreflected the poor soil quality at a site withhigh N deposition. Quercus robur nutrientcontents increased from stem to higher orderbranches with a high proportion of nutrientslocated in the bark. However the simulation ofstem only harvesting had a minor effect oncritical loads. Measured wood densities werelower than reported literature values with a maineffect on Nu and BCu estimates. The use ofrecommended default values and/or data derivedfrom the experimental site resulted in a widerange of critical loads, some of which werelargely overestimated. Results demonstrated theimportance of site specific data for criticalload calculations.     

Eco-hydrological modelling in a highly regulated lowland catchment to find measures for improving water quality

Water quality modelling in the meso-scale Rhin catchment in the German federal state Brandenburg was done (1) to answer some specific questions concerning identification of point and diffuse sources of nutrient pollution in the catchment, (2) to assess the influences of possible climate and land use changes on water quantity and quality and (3) to evaluate potential measures to be done in order to achieve a “good ecological status” of the river and its lakes as required by the Water Framework Directive (WFD).The Rhin catchment is a typical highly regulated lowland river basin in Northern Germany. The regulations complicate water quantity and quality modelling in the catchment. The research was done by using the eco-hydrological model SWIM (Soil and Water Integrated Model), which simulates water and nutrient fluxes in soil and vegetation, as well as transport of water and nutrients to and within the river network. The modelling period was from 1981 until 2005. After calibrating the hydrological processes at different gauges within the basin with satisfactory results, water quality (nitrogen and phosphorus) modelling was done taking into account the emissions of different point sources (sewage treatment plants, etc.) and identifying the amount of diffuse pollution caused mainly by agriculture.For suggesting some feasible measures to improve water quality and to reduce diffuse pollution considering possible climate and land use changes, different reasonable scenarios were applied in consultation with the Environmental Agency of Brandenburg (LUA). The study revealed that the amount of water discharge has significant influence on the concentration of nutrients in the river network, and that nitrogen pollution, caused mainly by diffuse sources, could be notably reduced by application of agricultural measures, whereas the pollution by phosphorus could be diminished most effectively by the reduction of point source emissions.     

黄土丘陵区“梯田退耕”生态重建规划方法——以燕沟流域为例

论文在阐述“梯田退耕”生态重建规划指导思想、内容、标准及宜遵循的基本原则的基础上,借助GIS空间分析技术,提出并探讨了针对黄土丘陵区中小尺度流域或行政村合理布建梯田和经济林果园地等的规划方法及技术流程,进而将其应用于燕沟流域,研究结果表明业已探讨的规划方法是可行的和实用的。按规划结果,燕沟流域至少需新修梯田295.06hm2、果园4.61hm2,使其基本农田达到359.23hm2、果园面积达到622.69hm2;森林覆盖率48.87%,林灌草植被覆盖率可达75%,坡地减沙效益在80%以上。农业发展预计每年可实现粮食总产1645.13t、苹果总产9340t以上,载畜量可达7500只羊单位。     

喀斯特坡地地表径流系数监测初报

通过对喀斯特坡地6种不同土地利用条件下径流小区的地表径流和植被穿透雨量以及地下水出口水位变化进行野外定点连续观测研究,结果表明,6个径流小区地表径流系数均非常小,介于0.01%~12.81%。显然,喀斯特坡地的地表径流易于入渗转化为地下径流。受人为活动影响较大的径流小区,地表径流系数随降雨量的变化呈指数函数型变化特征,容易产生地表径流系数的突变式增长。     

喀斯特坡地土壤流失监测结果简报

在贵州普定岩溶地质与生态研究综合试验站陈旗小流域内,采用全坡面大型径流场的方法,对6种不同土地利用条件下喀斯特坡地径流场次降雨地表径流量和土壤流失进行了监测。2007年7月到2008年12月期间的监测结果表明:6个径流场土壤流失量均非常小,年土壤流失量和年悬沙产沙量变化范围分别为0.05~62.25 t/km2和0.03~8.68 t/km2,最大的为中度石漠化的稀疏灌丛径流场。喀斯特坡地土壤流失集中发生在降雨量超过60mm的降雨事件中,不同类型坡地间次降雨土壤流失量差异显著,最主要控制因素为地表径流量,同时也受到降雨特征和植被状况的影响。此外,前期降雨对坡地产流和土壤流失的影响也是客观存在的。前期降雨丰沛的条件下,坡耕地、稀疏灌丛径流场的地表径流量、次降雨土壤流失量相对复合植被、火烧迹地、灌草和幼林径流场均出现明显增长。     

基流对亚热带农业流域氮素输出的贡献研究

随着经济的迅猛发展和人民生活水平的逐步提高,亚热带农业小流域的面源污染日趋严峻,恶化的水体环境质量已经成为该区域可持续发展和生态文明建设的重要障碍.基流过程对流域生态水文过程有重要影响,因此本研究选取湖南省长沙县的脱甲和涧山两个农业小流域作为调查对象,通过流域观测和模型估算方法,对比分析2011年1月至2013年12月间流域基流过程对总氮(TN)输出的贡献.结果表明,在较高强度水稻种植的脱甲流域的月平均基流流量、平均基流TN流量加权浓度和平均基流对TN输出贡献[15.2 mm·month~(-1)、4.14 mg·L~(-1)和0.54 kg·(hm~2·month)~(-1)],均大于较低强度水稻种植的涧山流域[11.4 mm·month~(-1)、1.72 mg·L~(-1)和0.20 kg·(hm2·month)~(-1)].基流对TN输出贡献呈现明显的季节性变化,如在水稻生长季,脱甲和涧山流域基流对TN输出贡献分别为23.2%和18.6%,均低于休耕季的46.9%和40.0%,表明水稻种植会提高休耕季的流域基流过程对TN输出的贡献.因此,为缓解农业小流域水体面源污染,应当在农业小流域中实施合理的稻田管理措施来降低基流对TN输出的贡献.