喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率空间分布变化特征研究

为查明高异质性背景条件下喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率空间分布变化特征,在6类典型人为活动方式石灰岩坡地针对4类主要生境类型(土面、土石面、石沟、石缝)开展生境空间分布调查和土壤理化性质分析,并利用Guelph入渗仪进行稳渗率实验。通过对比分析各生境土壤性质和土壤稳渗率关系,结合人为作用方式探讨各生境土壤性质和稳渗率空间变化特征及其演化规律。结果表明:1)喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率普遍高于非喀斯特地区,喀斯特坡地土壤稳渗率受土壤孔隙和岩石裂隙耦合作用影响。2)各生境条件下土壤稳渗率具有高度的空间异质性,呈现"斑块状"空间分布特征。3)坡地人为作用方式变化将改变原有生境的土壤性质,进而导致各生境土壤稳渗率随人为活动进程发生相应变化。人为踩踏作用影响较小的原生林、次生林和乔灌林坡地土面和土石面生境土壤稳渗率普遍高于石沟和石缝生境,但转变为人为踩踏作用强烈的放牧灌草地或火烧人为干扰地后,土面和土石面生境土壤退化严重,土壤容重和粘粒含量增大,稳渗率显著降低。而石沟和石缝生境土壤性质和稳渗率受影响程度明显小于土面和土石面生境,土壤稳渗率仍可维持较高水平。     

贵州普定陈旗喀斯特泉的降雨-径流响应特征分析

本文以贵州省普定县陈旗喀斯特泉流量为研究对象,采用相关分析和谱分析方法,分析降雨-出口泉流量的响应特征,统计结果表明,该喀斯特流域出口处泉流量对降雨表现出三种响应滞时,分别为短时段、中等时段和长时段响应。对应的响应滞时长度分别为2~4 h、47~49 h和176~290 h。对比流域山坡上部和坡脚两处降雨-泉流量响应特征,结合野外水文地质调查与实验,分析了表层岩溶带发育厚度、多重裂隙渗透性等水文地质条件对降雨-泉流量响应特征的影响机制。山坡上部表层岩溶带厚度较薄,且表层裂隙更为发育,导致山坡上部泉对降雨的响应更迅速,各时段滞时均小于全流域对应时段滞时。     

普定水电站观测孔水文水化学特征及其潜在风险评估

在喀斯特地区建设和管理水电站难度较大,不但要考虑水库蓄水、岩溶的发育、以及大坝的安全稳定等因素,还需要考虑水文水化学对大坝和机组安全运行的影响。通过对贵州普定水电站大坝的坝底廊道和左右坝肩廊道水的监测和取样,对水温、水位、电导率、Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO-3进行了对比初步分析。得出以下认识:从水温和水位上看,其对大坝安全运行产生风险的可能性不大;根据对Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO-3的分析结果,发现三个廊道内水对大坝都具有不同程度的侵蚀作用,对帷幕灌浆的砼结构有不同程度的破坏,对冲沙闸附近的混凝土的侵蚀程度比其他位置要大;同时发现所有水的Ca2+浓度都较高,很可能对发动机安全运行造成影响,需要定期维护消除。     

岩溶区地下水补给型水库表层无机碳时空变化特征及影响因素

为更深入地认识岩溶区地下水补给型水库表层无机碳的循环过程,于2014-07-12~2014-07-20期间,以广西上林县大龙洞岩溶水库表层水体为研究体系,对无机碳循环研究的重要指标进行定点观测和高密度的昼夜监测.结果发现:1从上游到下游DIC含量和水体p CO2值逐渐增加[DIC(平均):122.88 mg·L-1增至172.02 mg·L-1,p CO2(平均):637.91×10-6增至1 399.97×10-6],δ13CDIC值逐渐偏负[δ13CDIC(平均):-4.34‰降至-6.97‰].2库区均为大气CO2的源,CO2交换通量在7.11~335.54 mg·(m2·h)-1之间,平均125.03 mg·(m2·h)-1,上游和下游地区CO2交换通量较大[平均131.73 mg·(m2·h)-1、170.25 mg·(m2·h)-1],中游狭窄地区CO2交换通量较小[平均116.05 mg·(m2·h)-1].3表层水体p CO2值和水-气界面CO2交换通量存在晚上升高,白天降低的昼夜变化规律,且与叶绿素a(Chla)呈负相关关系.分析认为:1大龙洞水库表层水体DIC含量、δ13CDIC值和水体p CO2的空间分布主要受浮游植物浓度、浊度、电导率、水深、透明度等的影响,而水-气界面CO2交换通量除了受浮游植物浓度空间变化的影响外还受风速的影响.2浮游植物昼夜垂向运动及光合作用和呼吸作用昼夜变化控制着水库表层水体溶解性无机碳的昼夜循环过程.     

贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特区水化学和溶解无机碳稳定同位素特征

对贵州施秉白云岩喀斯特世界自然遗产地49个水点进行采样,分析地表水和地下水水化学特征及控制因素,并探讨溶解无机碳(DIC)稳定同位素的分布特征和来源.结果发现,研究区地表水和地下水p H值呈中性到碱性,溶解质较低,水中阳离子以Ca2+、Mg2+为主,阴离子以HCO-3为主,水化学类型为重碳酸-钙镁型(HCO3-Ca·Mg).北部上游页岩分布区外源水水中Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4的比重相对白云岩区喀斯特水水点的高,Si的含量也明显高于白云岩地区喀斯特水;外源水的SIc和SId值为负,而流经白云岩区后均大于0.水化学数据表明研究区水化学受降水和人为活动影响很小,Gibbs图显示水中离子组成主要受岩性的控制.研究区喀斯特地表水中δ13CDIC值变化范围为-8.27‰~-11.55‰,平均为-9.45‰,地下水的δ13CDIC值范围为-10.57‰~-15.59‰,平均为-12.04‰,地表水δ13CDIC值比地下水偏重.DIC的δ13CDIC值在杉木河支流上整体表现为河流上游相对于下游偏轻,而杉木河干流上河水DIC的δ13CDIC值的变化则比较复杂.根据同位素质量平衡,利用DIC的δ13CDIC实测值,计算了喀斯特区地下水DIC来自土壤CO2和白云岩矿物溶解的比例,计算结果为51.2%来自于土壤CO2,矿物本身的贡献约为48.8%.     

喀斯特水库碳、硅耦合循环:以红枫湖、普定水库和平寨水库为例

通过研究红枫湖、普定水库和平寨水库三个喀斯特水库的碳、硅循环,探讨了水库碳-硅循环的耦合关系。藻类光合作用导致表层水体溶解硅(DSi)及溶解无机碳(DIC)的亏损;当DSi供应不足时,硅藻生长繁殖大量消耗DSi,导致DSi相对DIC快速亏损。沉降颗粒物中内源有机碳含量越高,生物硅(BSi)及有机碳(OC)含量越高,但OC/BSi受控于硅藻对沉积物有机碳贡献率,且与之呈反比。生物硅与有机碳含量之比K值(K=BSi/OC)可作为硅藻贡献率的潜在替代指标,并与之呈正相关;生物硅与内源有机碳(OC_(auto))含量之比K_(auto)值(K_(auto)=BSi/OC_(auto))可作为水体富营养化程度的潜在替代指标,并与富营养化程度呈负相关。     

OCCURRENCE OF PESTICIDES IN GROUND WATER OF THE OZARK PLATEAUS PROVINCE1

ABSTRACT: Pesticides were detected in ground-water samples collected from 20 springs and nine wells in the Ozark Plateaus Province of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. From April through September 1993, water samples were collected from 50 shallow domestic wells and 50 springs in the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers and analyzed for 47 pesticides and metabolites. Pesticides were detected in 17 water samples from the Springfield Plateau aquifer and 12 water samples from the Ozark aquifer. Fourteen pesticides were detected, with a maximum of four pesticides detected in any one sample. The most commonly detected pesticides were atrazine (14 detections), prometon (11 detections), and tebuthiuron (seven detections). P, P' DDE, a metabolite of DDT, was detected in water samples from three wells and one spring. The remaining pesticides were detected in three or less samples. The occurrence and distribution of pesticides probably are related to the local land use near a sampling site. Pesticide detections were significantly related to aquifer, site type, and discharge of springs.     

温室效应对中国岩溶发育的影响

全球温室效应正在缓慢地进行。本文首次探讨气候变暖对岩溶发育环境的影响，并预测了大气ＣＯ２浓度加倍时中国南北方碳酸盐岩化学溶蚀速率。     

ROLE OF CARBONATE ROCKS IN MODIFYING FLOOD FLOW BEHAVIOR1

ABSTRACT. The interrelationships between the runoff characteristics of watersheds (expressed as the mean annual flood), standard basin parameters (area, drainage properties, and relief), and the parameters which describe the solutional modification of the basins (carbonate rock fractions, sinkhole development, and measures of internal drainage) were used to group 62 carbonate watersheds. Simple binary correlations were obtained by direct plotting of the data. This was followed by multivariate analyses: factor and cluster analyses. Following the cluster analysis, which separated the basins into three groups, the variance within each group was examined again by binary correlations and by factor analysis. Prediction equations for those basins underlain by dolomite rock [QBAR = 12.4 TOT^1.01] and for those basins underlain by carbonate rock with very little surface expression [QBAR = 43.5 TOT^0.87] were proposed. Basins underlain by karstic limestone had a large amount of variance within the data set; therefore no prediction equation could be obtained. (QBAR = mean annual flood, cfs; TOT = total length of all blue lines shown on topographic maps, miles.)     

Connecting Research to Combating Desertification

With and without the encouragement of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and its Committee on Science and Technology, scientific research has been undertaken throughout the drylands with the expectation of contributing to combating desertification. Little of this research has been applied in developing countries for its identified purpose. The main reason for this is the limited translation of scientific research into an accessible format for application by development agencies or rural communities.