川东平行岭谷区典型岩溶含水系统中NO3-的存储和运移

为了研究NO3-在岩溶含水系统中的存储和运移规律,对降雨条件下重庆川东平行岭谷区青木关地下河系统的水化学动态进行在线监测和高密度采样测试,结合NO3-的月动态变化,并利用主成分分析方法.结果表明,降雨期间地下河中的NO3-与全Fe、全Mn、Al3+是两组不同来源的元素,在含水系统中表现出不同的地球化学行为.NO3-从地表输入后随土壤水下渗存储于岩溶非饱和带的裂隙、孔隙和溶隙等含水介质中,而全Fe、全Mn、Al3+则是地表受雨水侵蚀的土壤随地表径流通过落水洞、竖井等通道,以集中流的形式灌入地下河造成的.进而将NO3-在岩溶含水系统中的运移过程分为输入存储、快速输出和再输入存储这3个理想的阶段.在外部条件大致相同的情况下,非饱和带的岩溶发育程度是影响降雨期间地下河中NO3-浓度变化的关键因素.降雨条件下存储于非饱和带的NO3-很容易被释放出来,破坏地下水生态环境,严重威胁着当地群众的健康安全.需要加强岩溶生态系统管理工作,改善土地利用方式,科学施肥,有效控制地下水营养成分的地表输入.     

不同类型施肥水平对甘南沙化高寒草甸植物群落特征及生产力的影响

以中度沙化高寒草甸为研究对象,研究了不同类型施肥水平对草地群落物种组成、多样性格局、群落结构及生产力的影响,旨在寻求不同类型施肥的最佳施肥水平。 结果表明:①在各个不同施肥水平处理中(除钾肥3个水平处理外),主要优势物种的重要值之间均有显著差异;②各物种多样性指标在有机肥3个水平处理和氮肥3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加而增大,而在磷肥3个水平处理和氮磷钾肥配施3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加显凸形变化趋势;③植被平均高度和4个功能群地上生物量在有机肥3个水平处理和氮肥3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加而增大,在磷肥3个水平处理和氮磷钾肥配施3个水平处理中均随施肥量增加显凸形变化趋势;④钾肥3个水平处理对物种组成、多样性变化、植被高度及地上生物量均没有极显著影响。 从草地生产力、群落结构的合理性以及群落的稳定性综合考虑,O3、P2、N3和N-P-K2是高寒沙化草甸施肥的最佳水平。     

西南碳酸盐岩石质山地土壤-植被系统中矿质养分不足问题的思考

本文提出了矿质养分不足可能是西南石漠化喀斯特山地植被生产力低和植被修复困难重要原因的观点。桂西北环江喀斯特农业生态站和黔中清镇王家寨小流域碳酸盐岩石灰土坡地的平均土壤质量厚度(<2mm),分别为21.95kg/m2和16.04kg/m2。以地上部分生产力4.8t/ha.a,灰分含量9.5%计,植被每年要从土壤中吸取45.6g/m2.a的矿质养分,相当于两地土壤总量的约千分之二。土壤总量少导致的西南碳酸盐岩石质山地土壤矿质养分不足,可能是植被生产力低下的重要原因。纯碳酸盐岩硅酸盐矿物含量低,成土速率低。长期不断的收获植物,不可避免地要带走矿物质,导致喀斯特山地土壤矿质养分的减少,进而抑制植物生长.施用矿质肥料可能是促进喀斯特石质山地植被修复的重要措施。     

不同植被下土壤碳转移对岩溶动力系统中碳循环的影响

土壤是陆地生物生长、发育、繁殖的最佳场所,也是岩溶发育最为活跃的部位。土壤～岩石(土箱)、草本植物(麦冬)-土壤-岩石(草箱)、木本植物(黄杨)-土壤-岩石(树箱)体系中碳循环的模拟试验显示,黄杨具有较大的树冠可截获更多的降雨,根系的呼吸作用、分泌作用和土壤微生物活力的提高,使土壤环境中CO2浓度提高,树箱比土箱、草箱分别提高148.08%、75.01%,而土壤呼吸排放CO2的量则分别提高175.75%、171.14%;随水排泄的无机碳浓度分别提高77.78%、72.49%,排泄的总量分别提高166.49%、153.81%。碳循环强度的增加,使土下碳酸盐岩的侵蚀能力加强,树箱比土箱提高2.84倍、比草箱提高1.36倍。     

基于MODIS-NDVI的2000—2018年中国北方土地沙化敏感性时空变化

选择植被覆盖度、湿润指数、大风日数、土壤表层砂粒含量和坡度5个因子作为评价指标,基于多源数据开展了中国北方14省（区）2000—2018年土地沙化敏感性空间分布格局及其动态变化研究,并按土地易起沙尘程度的高低依次划分为极易起沙尘和高度易起沙尘（高敏感等级）、中等易起沙尘（中敏感等级）、轻度易起沙尘和不易起沙尘（低敏感等级）。结果表明：2000—2018年中国北方14省（区）处于土地沙化高敏感等级的面积从48.1%下降至40.4%,处于土地沙化低敏感等级的面积从30.3%上升至38.8%,整体呈土地沙化高敏感等级向中、低敏感等级过渡的趋势。与2000年相比,2018年内蒙古科尔沁、浑善达克和毛乌素沙地及其周边区域极易起沙尘和高度易起沙尘的土地面积明显减小,植被覆盖度的增加和大风日数的减少是这种变化的重要原因。     

鄂西丹水流域岩溶水流系统圈划与结构模式

鄂西丹水岩溶流域内碳酸盐岩与非碳酸盐岩的组合关系复杂,地表水与地下水的转化频繁,岩溶水资源开发利用评价难度极大.为服务后续岩溶区水资源开发利用和保护规划的编制,通过水文地质现场调查和分析的方法,在地球系统科学和水循环理论的指导下,提出丹水流域岩溶水流系统的划分方法.该方法遵从完整性和级次性原则,按照从整体到局部、从空间...     

特殊地形地貌区燃煤电厂灰场防渗对策

结合环评实例,介绍了位于特殊地形地貌区燃煤电厂灰场的防渗对策,主要包括位于风化灰岩区、喀斯特地貌区和湿陷性黄土区灰场的防渗措施,从而为特殊地貌区灰场周边水资源保护提供借鉴。     

Relation Between Flow and Temporal Variations of Nitrate and Pesticides in Two Karst Springs in Northern Alabama1

Abstract: Two karst springs in the Mississippian Carbonate Aquifer of northern Alabama were sampled between March 1999 and March 2001 to characterize the variability in concentration of nitrate, pesticides, selected pesticide degradates, water temperature, and inorganic constituents. Water temperature and inorganic ion data for McGeehee Spring indicate that this spring represents a shallow flow system with a relatively short average ground‐water residence time. Water issuing from the larger of the two springs, Meridianville Spring, maintained a constant temperature, and inorganic ion data indicate that this water represents a deeper flow system having a longer average ground‐water residence time than McGeehee Spring. Although water‐quality data indicate differing short‐term responses to rainfall at the two springs, the seasonal variation of nitrate and pesticide concentrations generally is similar for the two springs. With the exception of pesticides detected at low concentrations, the coefficient of variation for most constituent concentrations was less than that of flow at both springs, with greater variability in concentration at McGeehee Spring. Degradates of the herbicides atrazine and fluometuron were detected at concentrations comparable to or greater than the parent pesticides. Decreases in concentration of the principal degradate of fluometuron from about July to November indicate that the degradation rate may decrease as fluometuron (demethylfluometuron) moves deeper into the soil after application. Data collected during the study show that from about November to March when recharge rates increase, nitrate and residual pesticides in the soil, unsaturated zone, and storage within the aquifer are transported to the spring discharges. Because of the increase in recharge, fluometuron loads discharged from the springs during the winter were comparable to loads discharged at the springs during the growing season.     

Select indicators and prioritize solutions for desertification and drought in Binh Thuan,Vietnam

The link between climate change and desertification is an important global problem for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The coastal provinces in Southern Centre Vietnam are strongly influenced by desertification, which is further exacerbated by climate change. The Delphi method was used to select sustainability indicators and then a method of an analytical hierarchy process was applied to prioritize sustainable solutions in Binh Thuan experts to elicit the causes and effects of desertification. According to the panel of 23 experts, 27 cause (e.g. rainfall and sunshine duration) and 22 effect (e.g. rice and agriculture) indicators were of particular importance to desertification and drought in the province. The highest priorities for cause are given to emigration, followed by income from industry and water supply for household use. The highest priorities for effect in the area are given to socioeconomic criteria, and in particular to the sub-criteria resettlement due to development projects, building hydropower reservoirs, and implementing irrigation schemes. The system of indicators provides useful information for the future studies. This study provides a means to uncover the most important criteria perceived as major contributors to desertification and as such enables policy-makers to prioritize solutions for Binh Thuan (Vietnam) by 2015 and a vision in 2020.     

西南喀斯特流域土地利用对河流溶解无机碳及其同位素的影响

河流溶解无机碳(DIC)作为流域碳循环的重要部分一直备受关注,其稳定同位素(δ13CDIC)能够反映DIC来源和转化过程,而其受土地利用变化的影响的研究还较为缺乏.为了研究喀斯特河流水体DIC和δ13CDIC的影响因素,在典型喀斯特流域赤水河进行了河水样品采集与分析.赤水河流域上游主要分布碳酸盐岩而下游分布硅酸盐岩,且...