我国西部大开发中的沙漠化灾害防治研究

利用最新的沙漠化普查数据，分析了我国西部地区沙漠化灾害的现状，包括我国西部地区沙漠化灾害的面积与分布、沙漠化灾害的程度以及沙漠化灾害的主要危害等，探讨了在西部大开发中进行沙漠化灾害防治的原则，对策与措施等问题。     

旅游活动对岩溶洞穴地下水中细菌群落的影响:以重庆丰都两个洞穴为例

为了深入了解岩溶洞穴地下水中细菌群落结构特征以及评估旅游活动对细菌群落的影响,对重庆丰都雪玉洞(旅游洞穴)和水鸣洞(未开发洞穴)洞穴地下河水进行了采样,利用16S rDNA高通量测序技术对地下水样品中的细菌进行了定性和定量分析.结果表明,两个洞穴地下水中细菌群落以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为主,但细菌群落组成存在差异.雪玉洞地下河上游和下游的变形菌门分别占总群落的62%和64%,拟杆菌门分别占11%和16%;水鸣洞地下水中细菌优势群落除变形菌门(38%)和拟杆菌门(19%)外,绿菌门(Chlorobi)占24%,两个洞穴地下水中变形菌门的纲分类均为γ-变形菌纲.γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacterium)和拟杆菌为两个洞穴地下水的优势种类但其主要细菌存在差异:雪玉洞主要细菌是不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌科(Flavobacteriaceae),属于致病菌;水鸣洞主要细菌是未培养的甲基球菌科(Methylococcaceae-uncultured)、甲基单胞菌属(Methylomonas)以及甲基杆菌属(Methylobacter),属于甲烷氧化细菌.多样性指数分析结果显示:受旅游活动的强烈影响,雪玉洞群落多样性明显高于水鸣洞并且存在更多的致病菌群落,地下水细菌群落与环境因子多元直接梯度分析(RDA)证明群落分布规律受游客数量与洞穴空气CO_2影响且呈正相关,两种环境因子的Spearman相关性分析进一步表明游客数量对地下水细菌群落结构的影响更明显并导致大量原生细菌消失.     

基于δ15N和δ18O的农业区地下河硝酸盐污染来源

为研究岩溶区农业活动为主导的地下河流域硝酸盐污染来源,于2017年5~10月每24 d左右对重庆青木关流域6个采样点进行监测,利用~(15)N和~(18)O同位素技术对示踪硝酸盐来源进行解译,应用IsoSource模型计算出不同端元硝酸盐的贡献率.结果表明:(1)青木关农业区地下河系统存在较大的硝酸盐污染风险,大部分采样点出现不同程度NO_3~--N浓度超标现象.(2)空间上,青木关地下河中NO_3~--N浓度整体呈现由上游向下游升高的趋势.时间上,上游鱼塘和岩口落水洞以及下游姜家泉样点NO_3~--N浓度在5~6月因受农业施肥的影响,均呈上升趋势,6~9月受降水影响而出现不同程度升高或降低,9月之后随着农业活动减少而逐渐降低;中游土壤点NO_3~--N浓度保持较高值;中下游大鹿池NO_3~--N浓度较低且变幅不大.(3)通过硝酸盐~(15)N和~(18)O同位素分析,表明上游鱼塘和岩口落水洞的硝酸盐源于土壤有机氮、动物粪便及污废水混合;中游土壤点硝酸盐源于土壤有机氮、降水和肥料中NH_4~+;中下游大鹿池中硝酸盐来源于动物粪便及污废水、土壤有机氮、降水和肥料中NH_4~+的混合作用.地下河出口处姜家泉硝酸盐污染严重,其源于土壤有机氮、降水和肥料中NH_4~+、动物粪便及污废水、大气沉降的综合作用.(4)基于IsoSource模型对地下河出口处硝酸盐来源进行定量分析,发现动物粪便及污废水贡献率占46.4%,土壤有机氮占32.6%,降水与肥料中NH_4~+占18.6%,大气沉降仅占2.4%.     

岩溶区典型灌丛植物根系丛枝菌根真菌群落结构解析

运用末端限制性片段长度多态性T-RFLP法(terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism),检测岩溶区典型13种灌丛植物根系丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)群落结构变化特征,探讨岩溶区AM与宿主植物是否存在选择特性.结果表明,不同灌丛植物根际土壤养分存在显著差异,豆科植物显著高于非豆科植物.聚类分析表明,13种灌丛植物均能被AM侵染,不同灌丛植物根系AM群落结构存在显著差异,尤其豆科与非豆科植物,但AM群落结构在9种非豆科植物间差异显著而在4种豆科植物间则差异不显著.冗余分析表明,影响豆科与非豆科植物根系AM群落结构的因子各异,土壤Olsen-P、p H和全氮是影响岩溶区灌丛植物根系AM群落组成结构的主要因子.研究还表明,岩溶区灌丛植物根系AM与宿主植物具有选择特性,这种选择特性出现在植物功能群的几率比植物种类大,将AM应用于岩溶区植物恢复时,应考虑AM与宿主植物的选择特性问题.     

三姑泉域岩溶地下水分布特征及子系统识别

通过地质学、岩溶动力学、构造学、地球物理勘探、流体动力学、水文地质试验、水文地球化学及同位素分析等方法,分析了三姑泉域岩溶地下水赋存与富集规律,阐明了可溶岩与构造对岩溶地下水分布的控制;采用多种手段联合方法对三姑泉域的地下水子系统进行了识别。共划分了东丹河、丹河、高平-晋城、赵庄四个地下水子系统。每个子系统内都发育强径流带,径流带内物探结果显示低电阻率,水化学显示低TDS,同位素显示高δ~(18)O、δD值,子系统边界上则呈现了高电阻率,高TDS及低δ~(18)O、δD值的特征。多种研究方法相互印证结论一致,提高了地下水子系统识别的准确度。     

阿哈水库枯水期入库河流可溶性氮、磷含量分布特征

以贵阳市阿哈水库五条入库河流为研究对象,研究了阿哈水库枯水期入库河流水体可溶性氮、磷含量分布特征,可溶性氮组分比例及沿程变化规律。结果表明：五条入库河流水体可溶性氮、磷含量差异较大,可溶性总氮（DTN）、可溶性总磷（DTP）平均含量分别为1.71~9.74 mg/L和0.03~0.52 mg/L。蔡冲河、烂泥沟河、金钟河受人类活动影响较大,水体DTN、DTP含量较高。不同河流水体可溶性氮组分比例差异显著,受人类活动影响小的游鱼河、白岩河,其水体可溶性氮以可溶性有机氮（DON）为主,DON占DTN的比例高达94%。受人类活动影响大的蔡冲河、烂泥沟河、金钟河则相反,以可溶性无机氮（DIN）为主。不同河流氮、磷含量自上到下游沿程波动较大,人为源造成的氮、磷污染远高于自然源。金钟河的DTN、DTP年输入量分别为97.03 t、46.64 t,对阿哈水库的DTN、DTP输入贡献最大,分别达到45%和66%。     

Native Seed Collection and Use in Arid Land Reclamation: A Low-Tech Approach

Loss of vegetation production in arid lands has been difficult to remediate and has signifi- cant economic impacts on human populations. Restoration efforts based on non-local materials and large-scale mechanization have not been capable of efficiently reversing the trend of environmental degradation. The use of traditional knowledge and simplified methods of seed harvesting, storing, marketing and soil preparation have proven that regeneration of native species and efficient land reclamation is possible in areas that have traditionally been considered degraded beyond redemption. This paper describes a method of land reclamation that combines tradition and simple mechanics that can be applied in all arid areas that face desertification. Because the work builds on cultural practices long used in non-industrialized societies, it is particularly adapted to rural areas. The methods described have the potential to open new low-tech economic opportunities to all segments of local non-urban populations while combating desertification and creating a more ecologically sound environment.     

Desertification Evaluated Using an Integrated Environmental Assessment Model

Desertification has been defined as land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities (United Nations, 1992). A technique for identifying and assessing areas at risk fordesertification in the arid, semi-arid, and subhumid regionsof the United States was developed by the Desert Research Institute and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), using selected environmental indicators integrated into a Geographic Information System (GIS). Five indicators were selected: potential erosion, grazing pressure, climatic stress (expressed as a function of changesin the Palmer Drought Severity Index [PDSI]), change invegetation greenness (derived from the Normalized DifferenceVegetation Index [NDVI]), and weedy invasives as a percentof total plant cover. The data were integrated over aregional geographic setting using a GIS, which facilitateddata display, development and exploration of data relationships, including manipulation and simulation testing. By combining all five data layers, landscapes having a varying risk for land degradation were identified, providing a tool which could be used to improve landmanagement efficiency.     

Community Production Practices and Desertification in the Sahelo-Sudanian Region of Cameroon at the Turn of the Millennium

The Sahelo-Sudanian region of Cameroon extends over 10 million hectares. Varied flora and soil types, a complex mosaic of vegetation and plant communities and a diversified wild animal population are the major natural resources of this region. Desertification in the region can be related to two major known causes: a. short or long-term drought due to short-term or long-term climatic trends toward aridity; b. human activities which degrade the biological environment. Globally, humans generally have less effect on desertification than climatic change in the short run. The only strategy to fight against this situation particularly in the developing countries is to withdraw populations from the areas and to settle them elsewhere. However, most local or regional desertification processes in general, and in the Sahelo-Sudanian region in particular, are due to the misuse or unsound exploitation of natural resources by humans and their animals. Often, comprehension of the complexity of even small interactions between parameters affecting our local environment remains limited. Poor economic assessments of the long-term benefits of proper natural resource conservation and management increase the extent of the exploitation, in turn increasing the degradation process. Yet ecologically sound management of natural resources integrating indigenous knowledge and basic population interest and concern can secure restoration in several areas and sustained productivity of Sahelo-Sudanian lands.     

喀斯特旅游地的旅游形象定位策划——以四川兴文县为例

旅游地形象的策划是当今旅游发展中倍受瞩目的课题之一。文章分析了喀斯特旅游地形象定位策划的重要性，对喀斯特旅游地形象定位策划进行了一种模式探讨——旅游形象定位模式。从喀斯特旅游地的地方文脉、旅游形象调查、竞争性三个因子分析入手，探讨了喀斯特旅游地形象定位的方法，并以四川省兴文县为例，进行了喀斯特旅游地旅游形象定位策划的实例分析。