影响总氮测定的关键因素研究

为了解决水质分析中总氮测定的实际问题,应用GB 11894—1989《碱性过硫酸钾氧化紫外分光光度法》,从总氮测定方法的原理出发,探讨了影响总氮测定的关键因素。结果表明:在标准分析方法的基础上,要提高水样总氮分析的准确度,可采用50 mL优质比色管进行消解,选用优级纯的过硫酸钾,消解后的冷却时间需延长至2 h。     

Wild fruits as a contribution to sustainable rural development: a case study from the Garhwal Himalaya

Garhwal Himalaya is an important source of wild fruit species. These wild fruit trees grow abundantly across an altitudinal gradient of Himalaya and the majority of them bear fruits during summer. Fruit varieties are eaten raw by the local inhabitants of the region and whilst they are a rich source of protein, carbohydrate, fat and other elements, compared to cultivated fruits, they have not yet been considered as a source of alternative food products. About 13 potentially exploitable species of wild fruits and one semi-domesticated species having high potential for exploitation were selected for study; six (Aegle marmelos, Berberis asiatica, Hippophae rhamnoides, Myrica nagi, Rubus ellipticus and Prunus armeniaca) were examined in detail for their economic potential. Among the wild fruits, Hippophae rhamnoides was found to be economically efficient, followed by Aegle marmelos, Rubus ellipticus and Myrica nagi, respectively. Prunus armeniaca, a semi-domesticated and less utilized fruit of the higher Himalaya, provides better economic returns on an annual basis. The authors have recently made an attempt to utilize these wild fruits as a source of income, particularly for poor rural inhabitants and unemployed youths of the region by making a variety of edible products such as jam, jelly, juice, squash, sauce, etc. The enterprise was demonstrated to the people to encourage them to adopt it in the form of a small village-level cottage industry. The present paper discusses the distribution, botany, phenology, yield, ethnobotany, and uses of these species, and the cost-benefit analysis of food products prepared from them.     

老南瓜种植品种、栽培模式和技术要点

老南瓜含有丰富的胡萝卜素、维C、多糖和一定的食疗价值,也可加工成多种南瓜产品,近年来越来越深受消费者喜爱,目前国内种植最为普遍的老南瓜品种主要是中国类型老南瓜,本文现将主要介绍我国老南瓜种植品种、栽培模式和技术要点.     

基于安全屏障模型的海上钻完井作业风险分析

海上钻完井作业面临海洋环境恶劣、浅层地质灾害等复杂工况,极易发生油气泄漏、井喷等事故。为有效预防海上钻完井作业事故,提出基于瑞士奶酪模型的安全屏障模型。采用事故树和故障模式及影响分析相结合的方法,分析作业过程风险。该模型根据挪威标准D-010,建立完井作业关井阶段的物理安全屏障和安全屏障控制原理图,在此基础上构建油气泄漏事故树和失效模式与影响分析表,找出关井阶段可能的油气泄漏途径。通过对重要度计算和风险优先度值排序确定作业过程中最薄弱的安全屏障和关键故障模式。结果表明,作业过程中最薄弱的安全屏障是采油树、油管和地面控制井下安全阀(SCSSV),采油树腐蚀、密封失效、油管接头密封失效和SCSSV开关故障是影响作业过程的关键故障模式。     

高危行业同类型同等级事件风险要素评价

为提高高危行业安全管理水平,研究风险要素的评价模型。借鉴作业条件危险性评价LEC法理论意义,针对其主观性和间接性太强的缺憾进行了实质性地改进。同时,通过给出风险源强度评估模型及各风险要素强度评估模型,设计同类型同等级事件风险要素的风险贡献度模型。在此基础上,结合改进后的LEC法,建立同类型同等级事件风险要素的风险值模型,风险警戒标准模型以及风险警戒状态模型。验证结果表明:所建模型对风险要素的评价与实际情况较为吻合。     

纳氏试剂光度法测定水和废水中氨氮关键问题的研究

结合环境监测工作实际,应用国标经典分析方法——《纳氏试剂光度法》(GB7479-1987)对水和废水中氨氮的测定进行系统的研究。深入探讨运用该方法进行水和废水中氨氮测定中的一些关键操作技术问题,指出为适应"清洁分析、节能环保"的要求,应加强对环境友好型分析测试方法的研发与推广。     

江苏省人为源挥发性有机物排放清单

掌握VOCs排放特征是研究区域大气复合污染特征和控制策略的前提. 对江苏省VOCs人为源进行系统分类,收集活动水平数据,应用国内外排放因子研究成果及江苏省行业调研结果,采用排放因子法建立了江苏省2010年分行业、分城市的人为源VOCs排放清单. 结果表明:江苏省人为源VOCs排放总量约为179.20×104t,其中化石燃料燃烧源、生物质燃烧源、工业过程源、溶剂使用源、移动源、油品储运源的排放量分别占排放总量的24.1%、3.3%、22.3%、25.3%、18.4%和6.6%,工业过程源中石油炼制、有机化工、医药制造是重点行业,溶剂使用源中机械装备制造、电子设备制造是重点行业. 南京、苏州、无锡、常州、南通5个苏南城市VOCs排放量明显高于苏北和苏中地区,占全省总排放量的60.0%,苏州、南京、无锡排放量居前3位. 各城市化石燃料燃烧源和移动源排放所占比例均超过10.0%,其他重点行业差异显著,其中南京市为石油炼制、有机化工,苏州市为有机化工、机械涂装,无锡市为有机化工、电子设备制造.      

天津市PM_（2.5）排放源构成分析及防治措施评估

以天津市2010年污染源普查为主要数据源建立天津市大气污染源排放清单,采用MM5/CMAQ模式,以1、4、7、10为各季节代表性月份,模拟研究天津市各季节PM2.5来源构成变化以及＂十二五＂期间天津市大气污染治理重点工程实施对天津市PM2.5空气质量改善的贡献。结果显示,热力供应、工业燃煤及居民生活源是天津市PM2.5污染主要贡献来源。重点工程全部实施完成后,天津市PM2.5空气质量浓度值与2010年相比约有11.5%的下降,对改善天津市空气质量效果显著。     

对疑似污染地块土壤环境管理的思考——基于重点行业企业用地土壤污染状况调查

《土壤污染防治行动计划》的重要任务之一是建立并不断完善我国污染土壤环境管理制度体系、提升土壤环境信息化管理水平,本文以此为切入点,结合重点行业企业用地土壤污染状况调查工作的开展过程和经验,介绍了重调成果的转化和利用方式,重调实施过程中遇到的3个典型问题和解决建议,以期为我国疑似污染地块和污染地块的土壤环境管理提供一些参考。     

API-based assessment on urban air environment bearing capability in China

Given the complexity and time-consuming of the conventional environmental capacity based assessment on air environment carrying capacity; a new method for assessing urban air environment carrying capacity based on air pollution index (API) is presented. By using this new method, the air environmental bearing capability of 333 cities at the prefecture level and above is assessed. The results show that of the 333 cities 9.6% is of high bearing capability, 34.5% relatively high bearing capability, 52.6% medium bearing capability, 2.7% low capability, and 0.6% is of weak bearing capability; in terms of regional distribution, the western region is of relatively high air environment bearing capability, followed by north-eastern and eastern regions, and the ambient air quality in the middle region is quite poor; among the 12 urban agglomerations in key regions, Pearl River delta, west side of Taiwan Strait and Chengdu-Chongqing agglomerations are of relatively high carrying capacity while other agglomerations are of medium bearing capability. The assessment results imply that the existing air quality standard (GB3095-1996) is quite unsound.