Performance of various sub-grid scale models in large-eddy simulations of turbulent flow over complex terrain

Turbulent flow over a two-dimensional steep hill was analyzed by large-eddy simulations (LES). Here, six LES computations were carried out using four different sub-grid scale (SGS) models and two different ground surface conditions. The accuracy of these computations was assessed by comparing the results with those from an experiment by Ishihara et al. (An experimental study of turbulent boundary layer over a steep hill, Proceedings of the 15th National Symposium on Wind Engineering, 1998, pp. 61–66; J. Wind Eng. 89 (2001) 573). The results of the dynamic SGS models were in very poor agreement with those of the experiment. The poor prediction accuracy was mainly caused by the inaccurate estimation of the model coefficient near the ground surface. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the dynamic SGS models, a hybrid SGS model, i.e., a combination of the standard Smagorinsky model and the dynamic Smagorinsky model, was introduced. The hybrid model provided very accurate predictions and produced the best results of the four SGS models compared here.     

改善热轧降尘效率的雾化参数分析*

为提高热轧工作区的雾化降尘效率,研究尘雾颗粒碰撞相关理论,以热轧产生的氧化铁皮粉尘为研究对象,建立基于雾滴粒径、雾滴速度和液体流量多个雾化参数的降尘效率计算模型;分析单一雾化参数对降尘效率的影响;通过实验,测得不同气液压力组合下的雾化参数,运用响应曲面法,分析多个雾化参数耦合对降尘效率的影响。结果表明:降尘效率随着雾滴粒径的减小、液体流量增大而提高,雾滴速度对其影响不明显;多因素耦合时,通过调节气液压力组合来控制降尘效率,结合高温环境对雾滴存活时间的影响分析,当气压0.3 MPa、液压0.5 MPa时,粒径为21～27 μm的粉尘沉降效果最佳,降尘效率达到90%以上,可有效解决热轧车间粉尘污染问题。     

农作物种植结构与农民收入及其对环境影响的分析

农民增收问题是三农问题的重要环节。本文以湖南省张家界市慈利县零溪镇大庄村第五、八、十六组为研究对象,分析了自1980年实行土地包产到户以来农作物种植结构的变化及农民收入之间的关系,认为在本地以柑橘为主的单一类型农作物规模化经营最有利于降低农民劳动强度、提高农民收入,对环境既有正面影响也有负面影响,并对其带来的环境影响提出了思考和建议。     

Assessing the not‐invented‐here syndrome: Development and validation of implicit and explicit measurements

The not‐invented‐here (NIH) syndrome has been called one of the largest obstacles in innovation management, preventing effective knowledge transfer between organizational units and individuals. NIH is defined as a negatively shaped attitude towards knowledge that has to cross a disciplinary, spatial, or organizational boundary, resulting in either its suboptimal utilization or its rejection. Our goal is to equip scholars with appropriate measurement instruments for the phenomenon. On the basis of 4 studies with 1,238 subjects overall, we developed an implicit measure based on the implicit‐association test as well as an explicit (survey) measure of NIH, taking into account theoretical insights on attitude structure. We provide evidence for reliability as well as construct and criterion validity. We want to facilitate further research on NIH and knowledge transfer (a) by providing a better theoretical framework for NIH on the basis of the tripartite componential model of attitudes, (b) by demonstrating the application of association‐based implicit measures for management research, and (c) by providing a validated multidimensional survey scale to measure NIH explicitly. We also provide recommendations on how managers can utilize the NIH measurement instruments to investigate NIH and potential countermeasures in detail and they can test the behavioral outcomes postulated by previous research.     

淮南新集矿区主要充水含水层水化学特征及成因

为探明新集矿区深层地下水离子组成及其演化特征,采集了研究区砂岩水和太灰水等共20个水样,测试分析常规离子和氢氧同位素数据,采用Piper三线图、相关性分析、离子比例系数与饱和指数等方法,探讨了研究区深层地下水水化学特征及其成因。结果表明:(1)研究区砂岩水为高矿化度水,平均矿化度为2 743. 73mg/L,水化学类型主要为Cl-Na型,太灰水多为中矿化度水,平均矿化度为1 468. 33mg/L,水化学类型主要为HCO3·Cl-Na型和Cl-Na型;(2)研究区地下水的补给不仅有大气降水和地表水,还有古气候条件下形成的古溶滤-渗入水,且由于矿物质与深层地下水的水岩作用使得氧同位素发生漂移;(3)含水层中主要发生的水岩相互作用有硅酸盐和蒸发盐岩的溶解及阳离子交替吸附作用,盐岩和石膏在研究区地下水中是反应性矿物,白云石和方解石的溶解在矿区地下水中呈过饱和状态。     

洱海流域乡镇尺度上人类活动对净氮输入量的影响

人类活动引起的氮素过量输入已经成为引起水体富营养化及其他生态危害的主要原因.为了研究人类活动对流域氮素的影响,本文基于洱海流域16个乡镇行政单元的统计数据,考虑流动人口的影响,利用NANI模型估算洱海流域乡镇尺度的人类活动净氮输入量(net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs,NANI).结果表明,2014年洱海流域NANI总量为29.81×10~3t,单位面积输入强度(以氮计)为10 986 kg·(km~2·a)-1,显著高于我国平均水平.当地旅游人口带入的食品氮输入为0.26×10~3t,占到了流域居民食品氮输入的8%.从氮素的输入量的构成来看,肥料输入是最大的贡献源,占到了流域净氮输入的47%,其次为食品饲料的净氮输入.在空间分布上,乡镇单元的NANI分布呈现明显区域化特征,从流域整体上看呈现北高南低的特点.耕地或人口集中的乡镇NANI强度偏高,洱海流域具有较大的氮素污染风险.     

含铝铁硅固废制备PSAF混凝剂RSM优化与结构表征

研究了以粉煤灰和氧化铁皮为原料制备聚硅酸铝铁混凝剂的影响因素及产品微观结构和形貌,选取碱化度、nAl：nFe、聚合温度、反应时间对透光率进行4因素3水平响应面实验.得出制备优化方案：碱化度为0.5,nAl：nFe为1.38,聚合温度为39.2℃,反应时间为1.36h,透光率预测值达90.24%,验证试验均值相对误差1.20%,表明RSM优化模型可靠.结合产品表征测试,XRD分析主要物相为氯化钠,大范围衍射驼峰预示着浸出液聚合形成了新的无定形物;FT-IR测试表明聚硅酸与Al³⁺、Fe³⁺之间存在较多金属-OH等非离子键络合态;TEM测试结果显示产品为高聚集度和枝化度的网状结构;TG分析表明产品在400℃以前失去结合水和羟基,700℃左右产品主要化学键断裂,对应DSC图中均出现较强吸热峰,产品具有较好的稳定性.     

中国沿海不同区位经济园区空间扩张特征研究

我国沿海地区是土地资源供需矛盾最突出的区域,经济园区超前、超大规划空间规模,加剧了城市的土地矛盾,为解决沿海经济园区合理规划空间扩张的问题,论文以16个沿海经济园区为样本,根据其与城市的区位关系划分为远离城市型、城市边缘型、城市内部型三类园区,分别就三类园区扩张的空间特征及其经济特征进行研究。结果表明：就目前我国经济发展环境及土地政策下,园区发展25 a,最大扩张规模不超过60 km²,园区扩张节奏与经济发展阶段有关,园区建设初期以及“二次创业”阶段是园区扩张的高峰期;不同区位的园区扩张方向与形态存在差异,远离城市型园区扩张形态为多方向扩张与沿交通线路扩张相结合,城市边缘型园区可由宽幅扇形扩张到半圆形,城市内部型园区为内生式与窄小扇形外延式扩张相结合。远离城市的经济园区,空间扩张所需的投资更高,但其为经济发展保证了更大的发展空间,经济产出也相对较高。因此沿海各地规划建设园区时,应结合当地资本实力、园区布局区位、园区所处发展阶段等,合理规划园区扩张规模与扩张节奏。     

SELECTED CHALLENGES IN RUNOFF GENERATION RESEARCH IN FORESTS FROM THE HILLSLOPE TO HEADWATER DRAINAGE BASIN SCALE1

ABSTRACT: When faced with practical forest land management issues such as the impacts of logging or forest conversion to other land uses, planners ideally require a comprehensive understanding of within drainage basin hydrological processes to determine the most vulnerable areas to increased storm runoff and erosion. Land managers in particular need to know the source areas and magnitude of inputs to the storm hydrograph, in terms of water quantity, sediment and solute transport; and the routing of such hydrographs from headwater to larger drainage basins. The latter includes an overall assessment at various scales of the impacts of forest disturbance and conversion on the water balance. This paper will focus on runoff generation in terms of identifying the various pathways and source areas. Such aspects will be linked with the need for a more comprehensive effort towards the field testing of so-called ‘physically based’ models of runoff generation. Some of the controversial issues arising from the difficulties in reconciling results from hydrochemical investigations with complementary hydrometric studies will be highlighted. Subsequently, attention will be given to topographic-wetness models, which have promising applications in forestland management. In addition, alternative simple models for application at the catchment scale will be assessed. The latter is in recognition that at smaller scales, heterogeneity both in time and space of soil hydraulic properties demand a greater number of parameters in modelling. Such considerations can even prove an obstacle in terms of the confident application of ‘physically based’ models.     

关于小型污水处理厂实验室管理的若干问题探讨

从分析小型污水处理厂实验室现状入手,指出当前污水处理厂实验室存在的问题,并就其规范化管理的重要性进行了探讨。