Malaria infection and host behavior: a comparative study of Neotropical primates

Parasites are ubiquitous in populations of free-ranging animals and impact host fitness, but virtually nothing is known about the factors that influence patterns of disease risk across species and the effectiveness of behavioral defenses to reduce this risk. We investigated the correlates of malaria infection (prevalence) in Neotropical primates using data from the literature, focusing on host traits involving group size, body mass, and sleeping behavior. Malaria is spread to these monkeys through anopheline mosquitoes that search for hosts at night using olfactory cues. In comparative tests that used two different phylogenetic trees, we confirmed that malaria prevalence increases with group size in Neotropical primates, as suggested by a previous non-phylogenetic analysis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that larger groups experience increased risk of attack by mosquitoes, and counter to the hypothesis that primates benefit from the encounter-dilution effect of avoiding actively-seeking insects by living in larger groups. In contrast to non-phylogenetic tests, body mass was significant in fewer phylogeny-based analyses, and primarily when group size was included as a covariate. We also found statistical support for the hypothesis that sleeping in closed microhabitats, such as tree holes or tangles of vegetation, reduces the risk of malaria infection by containing the host cues used by mosquitoes to locate hosts. Due to the small number of evolutionary transitions in sleeping behavior in this group of primates, however, this result is considered preliminary until repeated with a larger sample size. In summary, risk of infection with malaria and other vector-borne diseases are likely to act as a cost of living in groups, rather than a benefit, and sleeping site selection may provide benefits by reducing rates of attack by malaria vectors.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

同位素示踪法研究有机污染物在模拟水生生态系统中的行为

应用同位素示踪技术，研究了模拟水生生态系统中三氯苯、邻苯二甲酸正丁酯，２，４，６－三氯酚－＾１４Ｃ的分布、迁移、转化行为。实验周期后，水中污染物浓度分别降低了８９％，８０％，９５％以上，三氯苯在底泥和浮游生物中有积累。测定了标记物在水、悬浮物、＾１４ＣＯ２吸收溶液，ＸＡＤ－２树脂上的放射性强度。假设水中标记物的降解遵循一级速率过程，２４ｄ后，水中２，４，６－三氯酚－＾１４Ｃ浓度已降为原来浓度的５％     

黑柱石和水之间氢同位素平衡分馏的实验研究

在750-250℃温度范围内,对黑柱石-水之间的氢同位素平衡分馏进行了实验研究。研究中改进了氢同位素交换实验方法,从而保证了精度。研究结果表明,750-550℃温度范围内,黑柱石一水的分馏系数10~3lnα°_(黑柱石-水)=-30.51 10~6/T~2-59.86,550-350℃温度范围内,10~3lnα°_(黑柱石-水)与温度1/T~2间无依赖关系,其值为-105.0±0.7,.250℃时,交换率太低。文中讨论了黑柱石-水之间氢同位素分馏系数与温度、矿物晶体结构、矿物化学组成的关系及其地质意义。     

中国可持续发展指标体系研究进展

分析了中国可持续发展指标体系的不同研究方法，基本框架，具体指标的构成和数量，不同层次的案例研究，及有关国际合作项目；提出了合作要 计算方法，指标合成有基础资料，统计口径等技术关键。     

Investigations on simultaneous determination of silverand mercury in catalytic-ligand substitutionreaction with stopped - flow techniquecalibrated by synergistic effect

Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｉｌｖｅｒａｎｄｍｅｒｃｕｒｙｉｎｃａｔａｌｙｔｉｃ－ｌｉｇａｎｄｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｓｔｏｐｐｅｄ－ｆｌｏｗｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｃａｌ...     

石油污染对僧帽牡蛎(Ostrea cucullata)抗氧化酶的影响

在厦门岛及附近海域的轮渡码头、杏林湾、同安湾、黄厝4个地点现场采集牡蛎样品，研究牡蛎全组织石油烃含量与其消化腺、鳃超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性之间的关系，并探讨了将僧蛎抗氧化酶作为监测海洋石油污染的生物标志物（biomarker）的可能性。结果表明：（1）采自轮渡码头、杏林湾、同安湾、黄厝的牡蛎全组织石油烃含量分别为380．68、112．34、27．31、20．37μg/g；（2）牡蛎消化腺SOD、CAT活性均高于鳃；（3）牡蛎消化腺和鳃CAT、SOD活性均随石油烃含量的增加而增强，由相关系数来判断两者相关性显著，适合作为海洋石油污染的生物标志物。     

三相流态化烟气脱硫模拟中试试验研究

在参考国内外大量湿法脱硫研究经验的基础上 ,提出一种适合我国国情的烟气脱硫技术路线 :三相流态化吸收式烟气脱硫工艺。建立了处理烟气量 2 0 0 0Nm3 h的模拟中试实验装置 ,并进行大量石灰浆液烟气脱硫试验研究 ,总结出流态化反应器的脱硫性能及其影响因素。试验结果表明 :流态化反应器脱硫效率随着浆液浓度、喷射管插入深度、搅拌速度等的增加而增加。当浆液pH值在 5～ 8之间 ,喷射管插入深度 16 0～ 2 0 0mm(相应的喷射器的压降约为 15 0 0～ 190 0Pa) ,喷射速度为 10～ 2 5m s左右 ,循环倍率为 3倍 ,浆液浓度为 7%以下 ,反应温度 5 5～ 6 0℃ ,对反应加以搅拌和对产物强制氧化 ,可以获得 95 %以上的脱硫效率     

A numerical simulation of kinetic constraint on evaporation of ammonium nitrate in diffusion denuder

ＡｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｃｏｎｓｔｒａｉｎｔｏｎｅｖａｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｍｍｏｎｉｕｍｎｉｔｒａｔｅｉｎｄｉｆｕｓｉｏｎｄｅｎｕｄｅｒＳｈｅｎＪｉＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａ...     

赴新加坡学习的收获和体会

介绍了新加坡概况,学习期间对新加坡的印象,总结了学习获得的启示.     

超声波/H2O2/CuO协同氧化降解苯酚

以CuO为催化剂,利用超声波(US)、H2O2及US/H2O2降解苯酚模拟废水,考察了多种因素的影响,并对其降解动力学进行了分析.结果表明,CuO催化作用明显;H2O2投加量的增加对降解反应先促进后抑制;溶液pH值先升高后降低,当溶液初始pH值为5.50时,苯酚的降解效果最好.在溶液初始pH值为5.50,CuO加入量为1mg/mL,H2O2投加量为40mmol/L时,US/H2O2/CuO降解苯酚的速率常数(k)为3.04(10-2min-1,明显大于US、US/H2O2、H2O2/CuO处理下的k值(5.25(10-4,2.31(10-3,2.31(10-2min-1),降解过程均符合表观一级反应动力学.