高分子除氯剂对水中氯离子的吸附机理

采用高分子除氯剂吸附水中的氯离子,考察了除氯剂投加量、反应时间、反应温度、竞争离子等对氯离子去除率的影响。实验结果表明:随着除氯剂投加量增加,氯离子去除率不断提高;吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型,表明化学吸附可能是氯离子吸附过程的速率控制步骤;Elovich模型表明除氯剂表面吸附的氯离子存在非均相扩散的吸附-脱附过程;Freundlich等温吸附模型能更好地描述吸附过程,结合热力学计算表明该过程是一个自发进行的吸热熵增的化学吸附过程,温度越高自发程度越大。     

Trends in Raindrop Kinetic Energy with Modeled Climate Warming in the Lake Tahoe Basin

Two means by which climate change may increase surface soil erosion in mountainous terrain are: (1) increasing the frequency of extreme rainfall events and (2) decreasing the duration of snow cover on bare soil. We used output from four general circulation models (GCMs) and two greenhouse gas trajectories to produce a suite of hydrologic variables at a daily time‐step for historic and projected 21st Century conditions. We statistically disaggregated the daily rainfall to hourly, using hourly rainfall from a network of nine weather stations in the Tahoe Basin, and filtered out rain falling on a snowpack. We applied published equations to convert hourly intensity to raindrop kinetic energy (KE) for each day and grid cell in the Basin, averaged across grid cells, and created time series of total annual and maximum annual hourly kinetic energy (TKE and MKE) on snow‐free ground. Using the Generalized Extreme Value distribution, we calculated the significance of long‐term trends in KE on snow‐free ground, and estimated energy levels for return periods of 2, 20, and 100 years. We then detrended the snowpack data and compared the resulting trends in KE with the trends resulting from changes in both rainfall energy and snowpack under two GCMs. Principal findings include (1) upward trends in MKE, (2) stronger upward trends in TKE; and (3) an effect of increasing rainfall intensities on KE in some cases, and a strong effect of reduced snowpack in all cases examined.     

An experimental-computational study of DPF soot capture and heat regeneration

ABSTRACT

A diesel particulate filter (DPF) can effectively reduce the exhaust emissions of particulate matter (PM) and meet emission regulations. We report herein an experimental-numerical study to investigate the soot capture and regeneration behavior in a commonly used DPF. Simulations are performed using the AVL FIRE software that considers a fairly detailed DPF model. The model is validated using measured pressure drop history during soot capture, and temperature history during regeneration from a parallel experimental study using a diesel engine equipped with a DPF. Then, a detailed numerical study is performed to examine the soot capture and heat regeneration processes, and characterize the effects of various parameters on these processes and on DPF performance. Results indicate that the pressure drop during soot loading can be reduced by increasing the CPSI (channels per square inch), minimizing the amount of residual soot in each regeneration cycle, and using moderate gas flow rates. The DPF regeneration performance is characterized in terms of the rates of temperature rise and soot oxidation. Results indicate that these rates are enhanced, as the oxygen content in the exhaust stream is increased to about 12%, the rate of thermal heating is moderately increased, and as the exhaust gas flow rate is increased. Thus, the regeneration efficiency can be significantly improving by optimizing these parameters.     

Tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater using isolated algal strains: treatment efficiency and value-added products recovery

ABSTRACT

Two microalgal strains (Chlorella sorokiniana, A&B,) grown optimally at pH 9 (A) and 7 (B) were isolated from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. These strains were used to check their efficacy for nutrients and organic carbon removal capacities from the tertiary wastewater. The strains were characterised using 18S rDNA sequencing method and both the strains closely related to Chlorella sorokiniana. Different inoculum doses (IDs) of both the strains were tried to check their efficacy on wastewater treatment. Due to the increase in the IDs, hydraulic retention time decreased from 6 d to 1?d. On an average, 12–100% of total kjeldahl nitrogen, 53–96% NO₃–N, and 59–92% PO₄–P, were removed. Despite the same growth environment, strain A with the highest ID (700?mg/L) showed the best performance in terms of overall organic carbon removal, nutrient removal, and value-added products recovery. Strain A showed an increase in carbohydrate and protein content by 42% and 13%, respectively. Both the strains showed luxury phosphorus uptake and found suitable for advanced wastewater treatment.     

基于不同指标无量纲化方法的岩爆预测模型优选

为研究不同指标无量纲化方法对岩爆等级预测模型精度的影响,提高岩爆预测准确率,选取应力系数、脆性系数和弹性能量指数作为预测指标。基于104组岩爆实例大样本数据,采用统一极差处理法、差异化极差处理法、平均化处理法和归一化处理法4种指标无量钢化方法,对预测指标的原始数据进行处理,建立不同的岩爆预测距离判别模型并进行工程实例应用。研究结果表明:基于平均化处理法的岩爆预测模型的回判准确率高达97.1%;对不同矿山、隧道和水电站的6个工程实例的预测结果符合实际情况,说明其是一种准确率高、方便实用的岩爆预测模型。     

高速公路交通救援资源派遣方法适用性研究

为降低高速公路交通事故人员伤亡和财产损失、提高指挥调度中心救援效率,将适合高速公路交通救援资源派遣的匈牙利法、直接成本法和机会成本法,分别从基于资源派遣方法的数学特征、高速公路交通救援点配置情况和交通事故救援实施3个方面对各方法的适用性进行研究,并结合指挥调度中心现有资源派遣实际,制定出交通救援资源派遣规则。以南京市周边高速公路网为例,根据适用条件选用合适的交通救援资源派遣方法和派遣规则,进行救援资源的派遣决策,为指挥调度中心高效地派遣交通救援资源提供了理论依据和合适方法。     

煤矿企业安全文化影响因素的实证研究

煤矿企业安全文化以煤矿企业安全观念为核心,安全制度、安全行为与安全物态围绕安全观念相互影响交错融合,研究员工安全需要、安全意识、社会安全价值观、沟通系统、社会安全需要、教育培训系统、安全事故、行业特点、国家安全法规、管理参与、奖惩系统、组织承诺、生产力发展水平、社会经济文化等因素对煤矿企业安全文化系统的关系,结果表明,除员工授权外,其他因素对煤矿企业安全文化系统都有一定的影响,从而提出相应的政策建议。     

基于小波包分析的石油井架结构损伤识别试验研究

通过对井架相似模型损伤工况模拟,提取其在承载时的振动响应信号,利用小波包变换方法获得小波包节点能量,得到基于归一化能量特征向量的损伤评价指标。研究表明:该指标可用于井架结构损伤位置的准确识别;将小波包能量分析与振动测试技术相结合的研究方法,为石油井架的损伤识别提供了新思路。     

煤低温氧化热解的热分析实验研究

在热分析动力学的基础上,对阳泉煤样运用同步热分析仪进行150℃下的氧化以及热解实验,得出该煤样相应的TG-DSC曲线。通过两者的TG-DSC曲线,对比分析煤样的热量释放情况,并结合曲线设定多项式形式的机理函数以分析其动力学特性。实验研究得出:该煤的低温氧化过程较之热解过程是个明显的氧化放热过程;该煤低温氧化和热解过程的最佳机理函数都为多项式,并且相应过程中的TG曲线和DSC曲线适用于同一个机理函数,这与一般所定义的机理函数不同;热解过程较之氧化过程所需的表观活化能较大,相同条件下较易发生煤的氧化自燃。     

微乳液增敏罗丹明B氧化褪色光度法测定微量亚硝酸根

基于微乳液对亚硝酸根催化溴酸钾氧化罗丹明B褪色反应具有增敏作用的原理,建立了催化动力学光度法测定痕量亚硝酸根的新方法。实验结果表明：该方法的最佳反应条件为1×10^-4 mol/L的罗丹明B溶液加入量0.60 mL,1 mol/L的稀磷酸加入量1.50 mL,0.1 mol/mL的溴酸钾溶液0.50 mL,反应温度20 ℃,反应时间15 min;对亚硝酸根测定的线性范围为ρ（NO₂^-）= 0.048~0.800 μg/mL,检出限为0.003 0 μg/mL;加入微乳液后催化反应的灵敏度增大了3倍。