厌氧-好氧-混凝工艺处理印染废水中试研究

采用厌氧-好氧-混凝工艺处理难降解印染废水中试研究. 结果表明:中试系统稳定运行70 d,在进水ρ(COD_Cr)(最高值为1 060.0 mg/L,最低值为617.7 mg/L,平均值为765.1mg/L)波动较大的情况下,厌氧上流式水解池出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为399.6 mg/L,COD_Cr去除率平均值为45.6%,厌氧上流式水解池对COD_Cr的去除效果最明显. A/O(PACT)池出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为105.2 mg/L,过滤池出水ρ(COD_Cr)平均值为51.3 mg/L,系统COD_Cr总去除率平均值为93.2%. 进水色度平均值为354倍,出水色度平均值为22倍,系统色度总去除率平均值为93.9%. 气质联用(GC-MS)检测显示,印染废水中的有机物得到有效降解.      

Effects of vegetation type on soil microbial community structure and catabolic diversity assessed by polyphasic methods in North China

Soil microbes play a major role in ecological processes and are closely associated with the aboveground plant community.In order to understand the effects of vegetation type on the characteristics of soil microbial communities,the soil microbial communities were assessed by plate counts,phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and Biolog microplate techniques in five plant communities,i.e.,soybean field (SF),artificial turf (AT),artificial shrub (AS),natural shrub (NS),and maize field (MF) in Jinan,Shandong Province,North China.The results showed that plant diversity had little discernible effect on microbial biomass but a positive impact on the evenness of utilized substrates in Biolog microplate.Legumes could significantly enhance the number of cultural microorganisms,microbial biomass,and community catabolic diversity.Except for SF dominated by legumes,the biomass of fungi and the catabolic diversity of microbial community were higher in less disturbed soil beneath NS than in frequently disturbed soils beneath the other vegetation types.These results confirmed that high number of plant species,legumes,and natural vegetation types tend to support soil microbial communities with higher function.The present study also found a significant correlation between the number of cultured bacteria and catabolic diversity of the bacterial community.Different research methods led to varied results in this study.The combination of several approaches is recommended for accurately describing the characteristics of microbial communities in many respects.     

Experimental study on MSW gasification and melting technology

In order to develop municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification and melting technology, two preliminary experiments and a principle integrated experiment were fulfilled respectively. The gasification characteristics of MSW are studied at 500-750℃ when equivalence ratio (ER) was 0.2-0.5 using a fluidized-bed gasifier. When temperature was 550-700℃ and ER was 0.2-0.4, low heat value (LHV) of syngas reaches 4000-12000 kJ/Nm3. The melting characteristics of fly ash were investigated at 1100-1460℃ using a fixed-bed furnace. It was proved that over 99.9% of dioxins could be decomposed and most heavy-metals could be solidified when temperature was 1100-1300℃. The principle integrated experiment was carried out in a fluidized-bed gasification and swirl-melting system. MSW was gasified efficiently at 550-650℃, swirl-melting furnace maintains at 1200-1300℃ stably and over 95% of fly ash could be caught by the swirl-melting furnace. The results provided much practical experience and basic data to develop MSW gasification and melting technology.     

城市水环境承载力及其实证研究

采用系统研究方法，对城市水环境承载力的概念、实质、功能及定量表达方法作出了分析，并利用系统动力学模拟手段进行了实证研究，利用水环境承载力指数变化对拟定的调整策略变量作出了预测、优化，得出了较满意的结论。     

北京地区大气颗粒物污染的风向因素研究

2005年9月~2006年9月在北京市北部、中部、南部3个点位采集了大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,并采用电感耦合等离子体光谱、质谱技术测定了29种无机元素.基于大气浓度数据和气象观测资料,研究了925hPa时不同风向对北京市TSP浓度及Al、Fe、Ca、S、Se、Pb、Zn等特征元素空间分布及来源的影响.结果表明,TSP及Al、Fe等地壳来源元素在东北、西北、西南3种风向下,3点位的平均浓度变化不大,表现出明显的顺东北风递增的特征;Pb、Zn等冶炼排放元素的3点位平均浓度以西南风时为高,并表现出明显的顺西南风递减的特征.Pb、Zn等重金属元素主要来源于北京南部以远地区有色冶金企业排放的大气传输;而地壳元素主要来自北京本地排放源的贡献.     

资源科学几个基本问题的探讨

资源科学的研究领域涉及自然资源和社会资源,但其研究对象不应是具体的资源,而应是区域资源系统。资源科学是建立在地学、社会科学和技术科学等众多学科之间的一门边缘学科,是钱学森所倡导建立的“地理科学”这一科学体系中的一门一级分支学科,其研究对象属于区域发展所依托的“地球表层”的资源范畴。资源科学的学科特点有三:综合性是资源科学区别于其他学科单项资源研究的特色体现,为资源科学的立身之本;区域性是资源科学实现综合研究的途径体现,是研究方式的具体表达,是资源科学的立命之道;交叉性是资源科学研究课题的来源体现,是学科形成的根源,是资源科学的立世之基。资源科学的学科体系可从两个角度来构建,即按内容层次建立资源科学的内容学科分类体系,按研究对象的性质和研究的方法角度建立资源科学的类型学科分类体系。二者的交叉,可以形成资源科学众多的分支学科,它们共同构成了资源科学的科学体系。     

耕地流转农户行为影响因素的实证分析——基于江西省1396户农户耕地流转行为现状的调研

论文利用江西省42个县(区)74个行政村1396户农户的抽样调查数据,通过建立耕地流转行为与各自变量的Logistic回归计量模型,从家庭特征因素、家庭经济因素和资源禀赋因素三方面分析了农户耕地流出和流入行为的影响因素。研究表明:外出打工对耕地流出影响最大,是农户耕地流出的最大驱动力;而经济收入与耕地流转是互为因果的关系,耕地流入户的经济收入存在明显低于流出户的经济收入的趋势;地形特征对耕地流出行为有明显影响,地形越平坦,越容易流出,同样耕地越破碎,越不易被流入户接受。     

Bacterial diversity in soils around a lead and zinc mine

Five samples of soil collected from a lead and zinc mine were used to assess the effect of combined contamination of heavy metals on soil bacterial communities using a polyphasic approach including characterization of isolates by culture method, community level catabolic profiling in BIOLOG GN microplates, and genetic community fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rDNA fragments amplified by PCR from community DNA （PCR-DGGE）. The structure of the bacterial community was affected to a certain extent by heavy metals. The PCR-DGGE analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that there were significant differences in the structure of the microbial community among the soil samples, which were related to the contamination levels. The number of bacteria and the number of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） bands in the soils increased with increasing distance from the lead and zinc mine tailing, whereas the concentration of lead （Pb） and cadmium （Cd） was decreased. Heavily polluted soils could be characterized by a community that differs from those of lightly polluted soils in richness and structure of dominating bacterial populations. The clustering analysis of the DGGE profiles showed that the bacteria in all the five samples of soil belonged to three clusters. The data from the BIOLOG analysis also showed the same result. This study showed that heavy metal contamination decreased both the biomass and diversity of the bacterial community in soil.     

Laboratory-scale study of the suppression of PCDD/F emission during coal and MSW co-incineration

The experimental test of co-incinerating Chinese raw municipal solid waste （MSW） and coal in a laboratory-scale tubular reactor was first reported in present study, and the emission of normal gas components and the effects of the S/Cl molar ratio or coal mixing percentages on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans （PCDDs/Fs） emission were investigated and discussed. The results indicated that OCDD was the only PCDD homologues since others like TCDD-HpCDD was hardly detected, while as the categories of PCDF homologues were comparatively much more general. The amount of PCDD was much larger than that of PCDF in all operating conditions. Since ZPCDF/∑PCDD〈〈1, the dominant role of the precursor formation was proven in our experimental conductions. With increasing the coal addition to MSW （from 0 to 16%）, PCDD and PCDF were reduced considerably. Coal and MSW may suppress the PCDD/F emissions efficiently （over 95%） during the MSW incineration process. The PCDD/F suppression results of the present study could be helpful guidance to the industrial application of Chinese MSW and auxiliary coal co-incineration processes. The PCDD/F stack emission data of two industrial incinerators using co-incineration technology in China seem to have a great positive reduction of PCDDs/Fs.     

微生物絮凝剂净化废水实验研究

采用微生物絮凝剂（ＭＢＦ）对于多种康２进行了净２化实验研究，结果表明，从活性污泥中分离出的Ｑ３－２菌株，由其产生的絮凝剂较曲霉产生的絮凝剂有更好的净化效果，最高絮凝率可达到９９．５％。将传统的无机絮凝剂碱式氯化铝与微生物絮凝剂配合使用不仅可以降低絮凝剂的总投加量，而且还可减少污泥量及污泥中铝残留量，这有利于絮凝后废渣的综合利用。