纤维素酶法废纸脱墨机理的初步研究

验证了纤维素酶促进废新闻纸脱墨的有效性;从不同角度研究了纤维素酶用于废纸脱墨过程的作用机理,实验结果表明：纤维素酶通过水解部分细小纤维、降低纤维表面负电荷等作用,促进油墨从纤维上脱离,并减少细小油墨粒子在纤维表面的二次吸附;提高了纸浆滤水性能,从而使细小油墨粒子易于被洗涤去除。     

五氯酚催化湿式氧化降解反应及动力学研究

以高温老化法制备了ZrO2载体,其比表面积为251.6 m.2g-1,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ru/ZrO2催化剂,用于催化湿式氧化法处理五氯酚.研究了反应温度、氧气分压、PCP初始浓度及时间对PCP转化率的影响.研究结果表明,提高反应温度、增加氧气分压、减小PCP初始浓度及延长反应时间均可提高五氯酚的转化率.在C0PC...     

中美欧跨区域大气环境监管比较研究及启示

近年来,酸雨、灰霾和光化学烟雾等跨区域大气环境问题日益突出,严重威胁广大人民群众的健康和环境安全。美国和欧盟在跨区域大气环境监管中都取得了丰富的经验。本文通过对中美欧跨区域大气环境监管在组织机制、法律法规、机构建设和监管手段等4个方面比较分析,结合我国国情,试图为我国跨区域大气环境监管的完善提供一些有益的启示。     

建立应急救援公司的可行性研究

目前,我国企业比较分散,生产安全形势严峻。通过对应急救援现状分析,发现我国现有的应急救援组织不足以应对所有事故的应急救援,而且缺乏综合性应急救援能力,从而不能有效地防止一些事故的扩大。根据面临的这些情况,提出建立应急救援公司的构想。在对应急救援公司进行概述后,分析了其与专业应急救援队伍的区别与联系。为了能够突出应急救援公司的重要性,从法制化建设、市场需求、可操作性和政策支持及经费保障等方面对建立应急救援公司的可行性进行分析,并阐述了其现实作用。结果表明,应急救援公司的建立在一定程度上可以有效地解决应急救援人员不足、应急能力不高等问题,优化我国应急救援队伍结构,促进应急救援水平的提高。     

高风速下沙粒跃移跃距的实验研究

跃距是颗粒运动的重要参数之一,沙粒跃距的实验研究对沙粒跃移理论研究有重要的参考意义.由于高风速下沙粒跃移轨迹平缓,飞行距离较长,因而,高风速下沙粒跃距的实验研究很少.通过对沙粒跃移特点进行分析,提出同时采用水平集沙仪和垂直集沙仪观测沙粒跃距的方法,并采用该方法对高风速下沙粒跃距进行野外观测研究.结果表明,沙粒跃距随粒径减小呈指数规律增大,沙粒粒径与运动方式转换趋势与前人研究结果基本一致,说明该方法测量沙粒跃距是可行的.     

深孔预裂爆破在低透性高突煤层中的应用与分析

为提高低透气性高突出煤层瓦斯抽放率,达到预防瓦斯突出的效果,将深孔预裂爆破技术运用于某煤矿低透性高突煤层,考察了这种爆破对煤层透气性系数、百米钻孔瓦斯流量、瓦斯抽放量、抽放浓度、瓦斯抽放率以及突出预测敏感指标的影响。试验结果表明:采用深孔预裂爆破技术后,煤层透气性增强,瓦斯抽放率提高,各项预测指标在回采期间没有出现超标情况,同时也没有发生过瓦斯动力现象和煤与瓦斯突出。     

O3/UV反应体系的有机物消解动力学模型

为了提高O₃/UV（臭氧协同紫外）反应体系对有机物的消解效率,降低能源消耗,基于O₃分解的SHB机理和O₃、有机物在紫外辐射下的光解机理,并考虑该反应体系中存在的3种可能的有机物消解途径和反应器出口处O₃气体浓度变化,建立了O₃/UV反应体系的动力学模型.将该模型用于消解过程中有机物消解率变化规律的研究,进一步优化消解工艺参数.结果表明:使用苯酚和乙酸作为目标有机物,以该模型进行仿真,从理论上验证了O₃气体浓度与紫外辐射间存在协同作用和不同工艺参数下所建立模型的灵敏性;将该模型与其他模型、试验测量值进行对比,验证了其优越性和准确性;对比不同pH下的3种消解途径各自贡献率的仿真结果,发现O₃/UV反应体系的pH对其消解有机物效率具有重要影响.研究显示:在O₃/UV反应体系中,紫外辐射强度和投加的O₃气体浓度二者间具有协同作用,同时调节可获得更好的消解效果;在酸性条件下有机物消解以O₃直接氧化为主,碱性条件下则以自由基间接氧化为主.      

响应曲面分析优化改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中氟的吸附性能及机理研究

为提升粉煤灰漂珠对水溶液中氟的吸附性能,以氧化钙为原料,采用煅烧法制备钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附材料.通过响应曲面分析中的Box-Behnken设计吸附氟试验,探讨各吸附因数及其交互作用对吸附效果的影响,确定最佳吸附条件.利用SEM（扫描电镜）、EDS（能量散射光谱）、XRD（X射线衍射）以及BET比表面积等手段对吸附材料进行表征,并结合吸附动力学、吸附等温试验探讨钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附剂的除氟机制.结果表明:①初始ρ（F-）和吸附温度对改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附水中F-的去除率有显著影响,当pH为5.0、初始ρ（F-）为125 mg/L、吸附温度为40℃时,改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中F-的吸附效果最佳.②动力学试验显示,改性粉煤灰漂珠对水中F-的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,说明该吸附过程主要以化学吸附为主;与Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型相比,Temkin吸附等温模型更适合于描述该吸附平衡过程.③SEM、EDS和BET比表面积分析显示,改性后的粉煤灰漂珠内部生成了具有不规则表面和多孔结构的含钙团簇物质,从而增加了BET比表面积,改善了孔隙结构.XRD分析显示,钙改性粉煤灰漂珠主要通过离子交换作用吸附去除水中的F-.研究显示,以工业废物为原料制备的钙改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附剂的最大除氟率为93.59%,是一种具有应用潜力的低成本吸附材料.      

Phosphorus Storage in Fine Channel Bed Sediments

Deposition and storage of fine sediment on channel beds represents an important component of a catchment’s sediment budget and can have important implications for sediment-associated P fluxes, due to storage and remobilisation, and for P concentrations through water–sediment interactions. Spatial and temporal variations in P content and storage in fine bed sediment have been studied in two UK lowland catchments, the Rivers Frome and Piddle in Dorset. Fine bed sediment was sampled in representative reaches on a bi-monthly basis using a re-suspension cylinder, and the resulting samples were analysed for total P, a range of P fractions and particle size. The results demonstrate significant spatial and temporal variability in PP concentrations and storage, with maximum and minimum P concentrations and storage occurring in late summer and winter, respectively. Temporal variations in concentrations reflect residence times of the sediment and ambient P concentrations, while variations in storage are mainly due to hydrological regimes. Spatial variations reflect catchment characteristics, the location of inputs and local variations in hydrological and channel bed conditions.     

Limb Deformities as an Emerging Parasitic Disease in Amphibians: Evidence from Museum Specimens and Resurvey Data

Abstract:   Widespread reports of malformed amphibians are of growing conservation concern. Although accounts of mass malformations (>5%) in North American amphibian populations date back to the 1940s, they are often poorly documented and are rarely explained. We reviewed available information for nine historical accounts from California, Colorado, Idaho, Mississippi, Montana, Ohio, and Texas reported between 1946 and 1988. We then asked the following questions: (1) Which of these cases were associated with Ribeiroia (Trematoda: Digenea) infection? (2) Are malformations still occurring at these sites? And (3) if so, have the frequency or types of abnormalities changed? Each site was resurveyed between 1999 and 2002, and original voucher specimens were redescribed and examined for trematode infection. Direct identification and classification by discriminant function analysis indicated that historical malformations at six of eight sites were associated with infection by Ribeiroia , dating back as far as 1946. Malformations recorded historically at these sites were consistent with the documented effects of Ribeiroia infection, including extra limbs, cutaneous fusion, and bony triangles. Of the six sites that still supported amphibians upon resurvey, three continued to support severe limb malformations at frequencies of 7–50% in one or more species. Although no pesticides were detected, amphibians from each of these sites were infected with Ribeiroia metacercariae. Taken together, these results suggest that Ribeiroia infection has historically been an important cause of mass malformations in amphibians. We conclude that although parasite-induced malformations are not a new phenomenon, there is qualitative evidence suggesting that their prevalence has increased recently, and we highlight the need for long-term research to evaluate the impacts of malformations on amphibian population viability.