经济发展与农业面源污染关系的协整检验——基于三峡库区重庆段1992-2009年数据的分析

运用协整检验和Granger因果检验方法,考察了三峡库区重庆段1992-2009年经济发展与农业面源污染之间的相互关系。研究结果表明:①经济增长是影响三峡库区重庆段农业面源污染的主要原因,且种植业、养殖业和农村生活三大类污染源排放量与农村经济发展之间都具有协整关系;②短期内农业生产总值的变化引起三类农业污染源排放量的同方向变动,长期来看,农村经济发展对农业面源污染有减缓作用,这与传统的环境—经济增长库兹涅茨倒U型曲线所揭示的一般规律相同;③农业经济的发展和种植业、养殖业的污染排放量具有双向的因果关系,但是经济发展是农村生活污染排放量增长的原因,农村生活污染排放量不是经济增长的原因,它们之间是单向因果关系。因此,我们要密切关注库区经济增长对环境质量带来的负面效应,必须依赖科学技术进步,提高种植业中化肥、农药、农膜和秸秆等的利用率,根据当地农业发展的特点以及与河流的远近,规划好农业、林业、畜牧业的结构,大力发展环保型、生态型农业,以减轻农业面源污染,实现农业经济增长与保持环境质量之间的相互协调。     

超高斯（分布）随机振动HALT试验剖面建立要点解析

本文介绍了超高斯（分布）随机振动HALT技术,对超高斯（分布）随机振动HALT试验剖面的建立提出了方法和建议,主要包括试验顺序的选择、应力强度的确定、步进量级的选择、驻留时间确定和试验停止原则等五方面,并总结了现场试验的要求和注意事项。     

振动试验中常见问题的分析

振动试验是装备环境试验不可缺少的部分,本文分析了试验条件的制定、试验夹具的设计和试验样品安装等振动试验中比较重要的环节,提出了振动试验实施过程中常见的几个问题,并结合实际操作经验给出了解决方案。     

高低温试验能力验证常见不满意原因分析

测量审核和实验室间比对是能力验证计划的有效补充形式,是实验室或者检查机构用于实验室质量控制及申请CNAS认可的重要手段。本文随机抽取2010年～2012年低温试验测量审核与高温试验实验室间比对结果为不满意的报告各8份作为样本,进行原因分析,并给出技术建议,旨在让参加实验室在以后的相关试验中能规避常见问题,提高测试能力。     

基于GJB 150A-2009的高温试验方法研究

介绍了GJB 150换版后的基本信息,以图表形式给出了高温对装备的影响及比重。对GJB150A-2009中的高温试验方法及剪裁指南进行了研究,对高温试验应用要点进行了分析,并以某型号电子装备为例,建立了其寿命期剖面和寿命期环境剖面。     

土壤中重金属检测样品前处理技术现状分析

土壤中重金属检测样品前处理是一个复杂且关键的步骤,对最终分析结果有重要的影响。文章对目前主要采用湿法消解(盐酸-硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸、王水/王水回流、反王水)、干灰化法消解与微波消解技术及其现状进行介绍,指出其各自的优势与存在问题,为土壤中重金属检测样品前处理技术的进一步探索研究提供参考。     

Investigating incorporation and distribution of radionuclides in trinitite

Most of the surface explosions in nuclear tests have released radioactivity to the environment in the form of bulk glassy materials originating from the melting of sandy soil in the neighbourhood of ground zero. In view of clarifying issues concerning the mechanism of formation and the radiological impact of these materials, we investigated incorporation and volume distribution of radionuclides in a typical fragment of trinitite, the glassy substance generated following the first nuclear test (Trinity Site, New Mexico, 1945). Specific activities were determined by γ-spectrometry for the most significant fission and activation products. In particular, ¹⁵²Eu activity was used to estimate the original point of collection of the sample with respect to ground zero. After embedding in an epoxy resin, the sample was then sliced to perform cross-sectional β- and α-autoradiograph. α-spectrometry was also carried out on a fine powder obtained by surface abrasion. In the β-autoradiography, hot spots were distinguishable in the proximity of the blast side, over a 1000 times less intense background of sand activation products. Also α-contamination (from ^239+240Pu and ²⁴¹Am) was mostly concentrated within the superficial layer, in a fraction of only 20% of the overall volume of the sample, exhibiting a discontinuous, droplet-like distribution. This evidence would partially support a recent hypothesis on trinitite formation according to which most of the glass layer was formed not on the ground but by a rain of material injected into the fireball that melted, fell back, and collected on a bed of already fused sand.     

Uranium uptake by hydroponically cultivated crop plants

Hydroponicaly cultivated plants were grown on medium containing uranium. The appropriate concentrations of uranium for the experiments were selected on the basis of a standard ecotoxicity test. The most sensitive plant species was determined to be Lactuca sativa with an EC₅₀ value about 0.1 mM. Cucumis sativa represented the most resistant plant to uranium (EC₅₀ = 0.71 mM). Therefore, we used the uranium in a concentration range from 0.1 to 1 mM.Twenty different plant species were tested in hydroponic solution supplemented by 0.1 mM or 0.5 mM uranium concentration. The uranium accumulation of these plants varied from 0.16 mg/g DW to 0.011 mg/g DW. The highest uranium uptake was determined for Zea mays and the lowest for Arabidopsis thaliana. The amount of accumulated uranium was strongly influenced by uranium concentration in the cultivation medium. Autoradiography showed that uranium is mainly localized in the root system of the plants tested. Additional experiments demonstrated the possibility of influencing the uranium uptake from the cultivation medium by amendments. Tartaric acid was able to increase uranium uptake by Brassica oleracea and Sinapis alba up to 2.8 times or 1.9 times, respectively. Phosphate deficiency increased uranium uptake up to 4.5 times or 3.9 times, respectively, by Brassica oleracea and S. alba. In the case of deficiency of iron or presence of cadmium ions we did not find any increase in uranium accumulation.     

环鄱阳湖区生态足迹与经济产业发展关系的实证研究

生态足迹是衡量区域生态承载力状况的一个较成熟的方法。首先通过计量模型计量出环鄱阳湖区1989~2008年生态足迹的时间序列值,并评价了其承载状况。结果显示,近20 a来,环鄱阳湖区的生态足迹从1989年的1 401万hm2提升到2008年的3 145万hm2,呈波动上升趋势;生态承载力从1989年的6 255万hm2上升至2008年的7 215万hm2,基本上呈不断上升的变化趋势。环鄱阳湖区生态承载力能满足区域的生态足迹需求,表现出生态盈余,但其盈余空间从1989年的4 220万hm2降低至2008年的4 069万hm2,总体上呈减少趋势。其次,将生态足迹与区域的经济总量和三次产业进行协整分析后得出,生态足迹的GDP弹性为035,其三次产业的弹性分别为0668 3、0011、0049 4。最后,从加强土地管理、强化区域贸易、改变消费方式、完善产业体系等角度提出了协调环鄱阳湖区生态环境与经济产业发展的政策措施     

农民非农收入与农村土地流转关系的协整分析——以江苏省南京市为例

农村土地流转是提高土地利用率、实现土地规模化、加快农村剩余劳动力转移的重要方式.尤其是在党的十七届三中全会<决定>中明确提出要加快农村土地流转,发展适度规模经营.而农地流转能否增加农民非农收入、缩小收入差距是农地流转过程中必须回答的现实问题.本文以江苏省南京市调查数据为例,采用协整方法对农民非农收入影响农地流转的长期均衡关系及其作用机制进行了探讨.研究结果表明:农民非农收入与农地流转之间存在着长期均衡关系,但短期却存在波动.同时,农民非农收入水平与农地流转之间存在着双向因果关系,而且早期农地流转对农民非农收入的影响程度较弱.在此基础上,本文从加快发展非农产业,提供农民非农收入水平;大力发展农村职业教育,提高农民文化水平与素质;培育完善农地流转和农村劳动力就业市场等方面提出了对策建议.