上海市湖泊沉积物重金属的空间分布

上海快速城市化发展导致公园湖泊表层沉积物中重金属Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb和Zn含量出现富集,其最大值已超出各自土壤背景值3.8~5.8倍.这5种重金属的污染热点主要出现在核心城区的人口和交通密集区、浦西沿江老工业区以及郊区新兴工业区附近.基于土地利用类型、交通变量、人口密度和工业点源等预测变量构建了高精度的土地利用回归模型,推测沉积物中Cd和Pb浓度分别主要受路网密度和商业用地影响,Hg和Cu主要受商业用地和工业点源数影响,Zn主要受居住用地和工业点源数影响.     

Water level fluctuations influence microbial communities and mercury methylation in soils in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Reservoirs tend to have enhanced methylmercury(MeHg) concentrations compared to natural lakes and rivers, and water level fluctuations can promote MeHg production. Until now, little research has been conducted on the effects of microorganisms in soils for the formation of MeHg during different drying and flooding alternating conditions in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR). This study aimed to understand how water level fluctuations affect soil microbial composition and mercury concentrations, and if such microbial variations are related to Hg methylation. The results showed that MeHg concentrations and the ratios of MeHg to THg(MeHg%) in soils were higher in the seasonally drying and flooding alternating areas(DFAs, 175–155 m) than those in the non-inundated(NIAs, 175 m) and inundated areas(IAs, 145 m). However, MeHg% in all samples was less than 1%, indicating that the Hg methylation activity in the soils of the TGR was under a low level. 454 highthroughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA gene amplicons showed that soil bacterial abundance and diversity were relatively higher in DFA compared to those in NIA and IA, and microbial community composition varied in these three areas. At the family level, those groups in Deltaproteobacteria and Methanomicrobia that might have many Hg methylators were also showed a higher relative abundance in DFA, which might be the reason for the higher MeHg production in these areas. Overall, our results suggested that seasonally water level fluctuations can enhance the microbial abundance and diversity, as well as MeHg production in the TGR.     

太湖藻型湖区CH4、CO2排放特征及其影响因素分析

为明确太湖藻型湖区温室气体CH_4、CO_2排放特征及其影响因素,本研究利用便携式温室气体分析仪改进的静态箱法,对太湖梅梁湾春、夏季的CH_4、CO_2通量进行观测,并分析其影响要素.主要结果为:观测地点春、夏季CH_4、CO_2通量具有明显日变化动态.春季,CH_4通量白天大于夜间,夏季夜间大于白天;春、夏季,CO_2吸收通量均白天大于夜间.梅梁湾藻型湖区春、夏季为CH_4源,且CH_4释放通量在夏季明显高于春季,春、夏季的平均通量分别为4.047 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)和40.779 nmol·(m~2·s)~(-1);该区域春、夏季为CO_2汇,且春季CO_2吸收大于夏季,春、夏季的平均通量分别为-0.160μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)和-0.033μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1).在小时尺度上,CH_4释放通量与气温和水温呈显著正相关(r=0.20,P0.01;r=0.34,P0.01),当风速6 m·s-1时,与风速呈显著正相关(r=0.71,P0.01);CO_2吸收通量与气温和风速呈显著正相关(r=0.14,P0.01;r=0.33,P0.05),与气压和太阳辐射呈显著负相关(r=-0.41,P0.01;r=-0.35,P0.01);CO_2释放通量与风速呈显著正相关(r=0.40,P0.05),与太阳辐射呈显著负相关(r=-0.35,P0.01).在日尺度上,CH_4释放通量与水温和气温呈显著正相关(r=0.83,P0.01;r=0.78,P0.01).     

气象舒适条件对呼吸系统疾病的影响

采用广义相加模型和分布滞后非线性模型,研究单个气象要素和以"通用的热气候指数"表征的多要素综合效应与北京市2009~2012年呼吸系统疾病急诊人数的暴露-响应关系,并按年龄、性别分层.结果表明,对全人群而言,高温效应即时,低温作用滞后;湿度<30%能显著增加发病风险,且效应持久;3m/s风速对应发病风险最低.少儿（≤ 14岁）受热胁迫影响最强,尤其突出高温高湿作用;成人（15~59岁）受冷胁迫影响强且滞后性;老年患者（>60岁）对冷胁迫敏感,着重防范低温低湿.采用舒适指数探讨环境对呼吸系统疾病的影响优于单要素表征,可加深对发病气象成因的理解,为科学预防、预测预警提供新思路.     

黑臭水体中不同浓度Fe2+、S2-与DO和水动力关系

以巢湖南淝河口湖湾区的黑臭水体为例,运用分位数回归方法研究了黑臭水体中不同浓度Fe²⁺、S^2-与DO及流速的定量关系.比较发现：分位数回归方法能够定量分析流速和DO对不同浓度Fe²⁺、S^2-的作用;而普通线性回归则无法给出它们彼此在不同浓度情况下的定量关系.进一步分析发现,水体流动主要通过分散作用降低黑臭水体中Fe²⁺及S^2-的浓度;增加流速对降低南淝河口及黑臭水体边缘等Fe²⁺、S^2-浓度梯度较大区域的污染效果显著;但对黑臭水体中间位置Fe²⁺、S^2-浓度梯度较小区域污染没有显著影响.增加DO对减少S^2-浓度达到0.043mg/L以上或Fe²⁺浓度达到0.80mg/L以上黑臭水体区域污染的效果明显;但对低浓度Fe²⁺、S^2-污染的处理效果不佳.这些结果为治理浅水湖泊中的黑臭水体提供了理论依据.     

CRITICAL ELEMENTS IN DESCRIBING AND UNDERSTANDING OUR NATION'S AQUATIC RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Despite spending $115 billion per year on environmental actions in the United States, we have only a limited ability to describe the effectiveness of these expenditures. Moreover, after decades of such investments, we cannot accurately describe status and trends in the nation's aquatic ecosystems or even those in specific regions. Why? This situation has arisen in part because we have excluded the fundamental principles of probability designs that are widely used in other fields and we have often ignored direct measures of biota, the subjects of greatest concern. To demonstrate the results of ignoring these powerful statistical and biological tools, we present four case studies. These studies compare estimates of aquatic resource status derived from using (1) a probability-based study design, often with biological measures of condition; and (2) a nonstatistical study design, often using chemical surrogates. In three of the four cases, the results derived from the nonstatistical perspective underestimate the degree of biological degradation.     

HYDROLOGIC BALANCE OF LAKE CHAPALA (MEXICO)1

ABSTRACT: Lake Chapala, whose primary tributary is the Río Lerma, is the largest freshwater lake in Mexico and for the past 95 years has maintained an average storage capacity close to 6,700 Mm³. Starting hi the early 1970s, the Lerma-Chapala basin rapidly industrialized. In response to these upstream anthropogenic activities, the fisheries, aesthetics, and water quality of Lake Chapala have decreased as a consequence of the increasing chemical and biologic pollutants mainly from the Río Lerma. Additionally, the growth of Guadalajara has resulted in increasing potable water demands on the lake to satisfy a population currently greater than 4.5 million. During the 1980s, the outflow and water losses from the lake substantially exceeded the inflow and other water contributions. In this paper, the recent behavior of the hydrologic and bathymetric parameters of Lake Chapala are summarized and some important physical stresses on the system are identified. The focus of this work is the 1934–1989 period, and it is shown that starting around 1980 some of the main contributors to the lake water balance were severely perturbed and the lake reached its second lowest recorded level. The disturbances of the system are so severe that the entire regional ecosystem could be irreversibly affected in the near future.     

东洞庭湖湿地鸟类群落组成分析

2005年7月至2006年7月期间对东洞庭湖湿地鸟类进行了调查,共观察记录到208种,隶属于16目43科,同时对鸟类的区系组成、居留型、生态类型及重点保护鸟类进行了分析.图3,表3,参4.     

Case Study on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Emissions from Paddy Field in Taihu Region

The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha^–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha^–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha^–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha^–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha^–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha^–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH₄-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO₃-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting.     

Transport and Diffusion of Ozone in the Nocturnal and Morning Planetary Boundary Layer of the Phoenix Valley

The evolution of ozone (O ₃) in the nocturnal and morning-transitional planetary boundary layer (PBL) of the Phoenix valley was measured as a part of the `Phoenix Sunrise Experiment 2001' of the U.S. Department of Energy conducted in June 2001. The goal of the field program was to study the transport, distribution and storage of ozone and its precursors in the urban boundary layer over a diurnal cycle. The ground level O <sub>3</sub> as well as mean meteorological variables and turbulence were measured over the entire period, and vertical profiling (using a tethered balloon) was made during the morning transition period. Approximately half of the observational days showed the usual diurnal cycle of high O <sub>3</sub> during the day and low O <sub>3</sub> at night, with nitrogen oxides (NO <sub>x</sub> = NO <sub>2</sub> + NO) showing an out of phase relationship with O <sub>3</sub>. The rest of the days were signified by an anomalous increase of O <sub>3</sub> in the late evening ( 2200 LST), concomitant with a sudden drop of temperature, an enhancement of wind speed and Reynolds stresses, a positive heat flux and a change of wind direction. NO <sub>x</sub> measurements indicated the simultaneous arrival of an `aged' air mass, which was corroborated by the wind predictions of a mesoscale numerical model. In all, the results indicate that the recirculation of O ₃ rich air masses is responsible for the said high-O ₃ events. Such air masses are produced during the transport of O ₃ precursors by the upslope flow toward mountainous suburbs during the day, and they return back to the city at night via downslope winds (i.e. mountain breeze). The corresponding flow patterns, and hence the high-O ₃ events, are determined by background meteorological conditions. The vertical profiling of O ₃ and flow variables during the morning transition points to a myriad of transport, mixing and chemical processes that determine the fate of tropospheric O ₃. How well such processes are incorporated and resolved in predictive O ₃ models should determine the accuracy of their predictions.