Sustainable farming practices of the Chinese mitten crab (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriocheir sinensis)</Emphasis> around Hongze Lake,lower Yangtze River Basin,China

Results of a survey of 156 Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) grow-out farms around Hongze Lake (118.48–118.72°E; 33.36–33.38°N) are reported. Area farmed has remained relatively unchanged but production (59 932 t in 2012) increased steadily over the last 7 years, indicative of the viability and sustainability of the farming system that has gradually replaced intensive Chinese major carp polyculture around Hongze Lake. Results showed that production range was 135–2400 kg ha⁻¹ cycle⁻¹ (mean 1144 ± 34). Crab yields correlated linearly to stocking density and conformed to a normal distribution curve, with 66.7 % of farms yielding 900 kg ha⁻¹ cycle⁻¹ or more. Yield was negatively correlated to pond size and capture size (p < 0.01), and farms with macrophyte coverage rate lower than 30 % of water surface were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those exceeding 30 %.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-015-0722-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

鄱阳湖水体垂向分层状况调查研究

湖泊水体混合或分层对环境和生态具有显著指示意义,能够提高对未来湖泊水环境状况的评价与管理。针对洪泛鄱阳湖水位季节性变化显著等特点,基于剖面温度和稳定氢氧同位素的调查分析来探明多因素影响下鄱阳湖水体垂向分层或混合状况。结果发现:鄱阳湖枯水期和洪水期水体垂向温差大多处于0~1.0℃,大部分水域温差小于0.5℃,但偶见洪水期部分水域会达到1.5℃的较大温差。总体表明,在季节变化尺度上,鄱阳湖具有较为稳定的等温层,没有明显温度分层特征。同位素分析结果得出,枯水期和洪水期的氢氧稳定同位素值在深度剖面上呈均一分布,表明鄱阳湖水体混合状况较好或完全混合。虽然湖区气象条件和水文条件均是影响鄱阳湖水体分层或混合的重要因素,但鄱阳湖入流和出流等水文条件是影响鄱阳湖水体垂向混合的主要因素。鄱阳湖水体混合同时对湖泊水环境因子的垂向分布特征可能产生重要的影响或控制作用。首次基于大量野外监测有针对性地开展鄱阳湖水体分层研究,结果有助于对湖泊水流结构的深入认识,可为湖区水体污染物的输移模拟与作用机制阐释等方面提供科学参考。     

太湖蓝藻暴发成因及其富营养化控制

根据近年太湖水质和生物监测资料，结合近年藻类生长趋势和区域污染物人湖状况，探讨近年夏季梅梁湖蓝藻暴发原因，并提出了控制太湖富营养化措施。     

Mercury in the biotic compartments of Northwest Patagonia lakes, Argentina

We report on total mercury (THg) concentrations in the principal components of food webs of selected Northern Patagonia Andean Range ultraoligotrophic lakes, Argentina. The THg contents were determined using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis in muscle and liver of four fish species occupying the higher trophic positions (the introduced Salmo trutta, Oncorhynchus mykiss and Salvelinus fontinalis, and the native Percichthys trucha) accounted for eight lakes belonging to Nahuel Huapi and Los Alerces National Parks. We studied the food web components of both the West and East branches of Lake Moreno, including benthic primary producers such as biofilm, mosses, and macrophytes, three plankton fractions, fish, riparian tree leaves, and benthic invertebrates, namely decapods, molluscs, insect larvae, leeches, oligochaetes, and amphipods.Mercury concentrations in fish muscle varied in a wide range, from less than 0.05 to 4 μg g⁻¹ dry weight (DW), without a distribution pattern among species but showing higher values for P. trucha and S. fontinalis, particularly in Lake Moreno.The THg contents of the food web components of Lake Moreno varied within 4 orders of magnitude, with the lower values ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 μg g⁻¹ DW in tree leaves, some macrophytes, juvenile salmonids or benthic macroinvertebrates, and reaching concentrations over 200 μg g⁻¹ DW in the plankton. Juvenile Galaxias maculatus caught in the pelagic area presented the highest THg contents of all fish sampled, reaching 10 μg g⁻¹ DW, contents that could be associated with the high THg concentrations in plankton since it is their main food source. Although Lake Moreno is a system without local point sources of contamination, situated in a protected area, some benthic organisms presented high THg contents when compared with those from polluted ecosystems.     

若尔盖盆地地球化学元素分布规律研究

通过对若尔盖盆地区域地质背景研究和野外取样调查与遥感解译,结合1:20万区域化探扫面成果编制的若尔盖盆地数字地球化学图研究发现,Zn、Sb、Hg、Pb、As、Au、Ag等绝大多数元素在若尔盖盆地古湖区显示为明显的低背景分布,是四川省西部典型的表生元素缺乏的地球化学区。大多数元素在若尔盖盆地内的变化系数CV<30%,呈分散状态,缺少后期地球化学作用的叠加。而具有显著不均匀分布特征的Hg、As、Sb、Mn、Au、Sr等元素的变化系数在50.5%-92.8%之间,反映出的集中分布趋势主要同金、铀等成矿作用有一定的关系。根据若尔盖盆地特殊的自然环境特征研究发现,影响元素分布特征的主要因素是气候条件中的温度与湿度以及沼泽、泥炭等有机质的强烈还原环境。     

湖泊沉积物硅藻提纯方法

硅藻是湖泊沉积物的重要组成部分,沉积物硅藻硅氧同位素在重建古气候、古环境方面具有重要价值。从湖泊沉积物中分离出高纯度硅藻样品十分困难,目前已有的硅藻提纯方法大多要求沉积物硅藻含量高于20%,其适用范围受到很大限制。本文通过对各种分离提纯过程的反复实验和镜下观察对比分析,建立了一套有效的五阶段硅藻提纯方法(盐酸和双氧水除碳酸盐与有机质-过筛除粗颗粒碎屑-沉降除粘土-重液浮选纯化硅藻-过筛除杂),成功地从初始硅藻含量大于7%的沉积物中提取出纯度达90%以上的硅藻样品,为广泛开展沉积物硅藻硅氧同位素研究奠定了基础。在硅藻提纯过程中,通过显微镜下观察对比分析来选择合适的分离方法和流程是建立有效硅藻提纯方法的必要手段。     

赛里木湖旅游开发与生态环境保护

近年来,随着旅游业的快速发展,赛里木湖旅游开发活动产生的生态环境问题越来越突出.本文对赛里木湖旅游资源开发过程中引发的环境问题进行分析和探讨,针对目前赛里木湖自然资源破坏严重的现状,提出了合理的开发利用和保护对策.     

Human impact recorded in the sediment of Honghu Lake, Hubei, China

Vertical profiles of the total organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, phosphorus, susceptibilities, elements and partical size were analyzed in a short ^137Cs-dated sediment core collected from Honghu Lake, China. The average sedimentation rate was 1.55 mm/a. The results indicated that trophic status of Honghu Lake in the historical period had experienced three stages. Before 1840 the lake was characterized with lower productivity, TOC was less than 9.92 g/kg; TN was 0.902 to 1.24 g/kg. During about 1840-1950, population increased quickly, there was an obvious change in TOC with an average of 13.0 g/kg. Since 1950, human impacts have accelerated the lake eutrophication and nutrients enriched in the sediment with TOC of 21.7 to 93.1 g/kg, TN of 1.77 to 8.78 g/kg. The heavy metal concentration profiles presented similar distribution trends except Pb .and Mn. The results from elements analyses indicated that Honghu Lake had not been polluted by heavy metals except lead.     

基于气象条件的太湖湖泛预警研究

2007年5月与2008年5月太湖水域产生的湖泛主要是由蓝藻水华引发的,但是蓝藻水华单纯地在湖湾或岸边浅水区大量堆积并不一定引发湖泛。研究发现,2007年5月与2008年5月的湖泛现象存在相同的触发机制:3d以上时间维持高温(平均气温大于20℃),微风(平均风速小于4m/s),风向基本一致(风向平均绝对偏差小于20°);其后,冷空气过境使得风速短时增大,风向调转180°左右,气温迅速降低,并且这种气象条件持续1d以上。在此研究基础上,给出了切实可行的太湖湖泛预警方案。     

乌鲁木齐市柴窝堡湖水质变化趋势与原因分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市柴窝堡湖水质现状及11年水质变化趋势的分析,预测了柴窝堡湖"十二五"水质变化情况。通过综合分析,找出污染成因,并提出对策建议,为区域水环境保护和水体污染防治提供科学依据。