微生物在苏州河生态系统中的地位及作用

苏州河是上海的母亲河 ,但近年来随着上海经济的发展 ,苏州河的污染越来越严重。这不仅损害了上海市民的生活质量和身体健康 ,而且与上海国际大都市的形象格格不入。 2 0世纪 80年代 ,上海市政府开始治理苏州河 ,但从未从生态学的角度治理过苏州河。微生物作为生态系统重要组成部分———分解者 ,对维持苏州河生态系统的平衡起着极其重要的作用。微生物不仅能降解苏州河水体和底泥中的有机物 ,而且可作为水体污染程度及受污后治理恢复状况的指示指标。本文主要选取有代表性的指示微生物 ,通过对苏州河上海市区段 8个采样段面处底泥 (主要是表层底泥 )中微生物指标的定量测试及代表性河段的耗氧速率测定 ,来了解目前苏州河的污染状况及微生物在整个生态系统中的地位和作用 ,从而为苏州河的综合治理提供依据。     

Natural pollution caused by the extremely acidic crater lake Kawah Ijen, East Java, Indonesia

Background. Aims and Scope Lakes developing in volcano craters can become highly acidic through the influx of volcanic gases, yielding one of the chemically most extreme natural environments on earth. The Kawah Ijen crater lake in East Java (Indonesia) has a pH 〈 0.3. It is the source of the extremely acid and metal-polluted river Banyupahit (45 km). The lake has a significant impact on the river ecosystem as well as on a densely populated area downstream, where agricultural fields are irrigated with water with a pH between 2.5 and 3.5. The chemistry of the river water seemed to have changed over the past decade and the negative effect in the irrigation area increased. A multidisciplinary approach was used to investigate the altered situation and to get insight in the water chemistry and the hydrological processes influencing these alterations. Moreover, a first investigation of the effects of the low pH on ecosystem health and human health was performed. Methods Water samples were taken at different sites along the river and in the irrigation area. Sampling for macroinvertebrates was performed at the same sites. Samples of soil and crop were taken in the irrigation area. All samples were analysed for metals (using ICP-AES) and other elements, and concentrations were compared to local and international standards. Results and Discussion The river carries a very high load of SO4, NH4, PO4, Cl, F, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Al and other potentially toxic elements. Precipitation and discharge data over the period of 1980 – 2000 clearly show that the precipitation on the Ijen plateau influences water chemistry of the downstream river. Metal concentrations in the river water exceed the concentrations mentioned in Indonesian and international quality guidelines, even in the downstream river and the irrigation area. Some metal concentrations are extremely high, especially iron (up to 1600 mg/l) and aluminium (up to 3000 mg/l). The food-webs in the acidic parts of the river are highly underdeveloped. No invertebrates were present in the extremely acid water and, at pH 2.3, only chironomids were found. This also holds true for the river water with pH 3.3 in the downstream area. Agricultural soils in the irrigation area have a pH of 3.9 compared to a pH of 7.0 for soils irrigated with neutral water. Decreased yields of cultivated crops are probably caused by the use of Al containing acid irrigation water. Increased levels of metals (especially Cd, Co, Ni and Mn) are found in different foodstuffs, but still remain within acceptable ranges. Considering local residents” diets, Cd levels may lead to an increased risk for the human health. Fluoride exposure is of highest concern, with levels in drinking water exceeding guideline values and a lot of local residents suffering from dental fluorosis. Conclusions, Recommendations and Outlook In short, our data indicate that the Ijen crater lake presents a serious threat to the environment as well as human health and agricultural production.     

第二松花江(哈达湾-松花江村段)沉积物中有机物污染研究

本文所研究江段的有机污染物主要来自两岸工业排放的废水、生活污水、工业废弃物及生活垃圾。污染源主要位于右岸,上游右岸沉积物中有机污染物的总浓度高于左岸,下游两岸沉积物中有机污染物的总浓度趋于一致。两岸沉积物中污染物总浓度随距离的变化规律如下: 右岸:C=92.044S~(-0.3028) R=-0.962 左岸:C=9.231e~(-0.0058) R=0.946 在该江段沉积物中共检出51种有机污染物。其中致癌、可疑致癌、致突变化合物25种,占检出化合物的49％。淤泥质沉积物中有机污染物的存在量60.67吨,岸边滩及心滩土壤中存在量138.2吨。     

Tissue distribution of inorganic mercury, methylmercury and cadmium in the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea) in relation to the contamination levels of the water column and sediment

The comparative experimental study of inorganic mercury (HgII), methylmercury (MeHg) and cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulation in the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea was based on a 14 days' exposure to the water column or sediment compartments, as initial contamination sources. For each contaminant and exposure source, a five-point concentration range was set up in order to quantify the relationships between the contamination pressure and bioaccumulation capacity, at the whole soft body level and in five organs: gills, mantle, visceral mass, kidney and foot. Hg and Cd bioaccumulation at the whole organism level was proportional to the metal concentrations in the water column or sediment. For similar exposure conditions, the average ratios between the metal concentrations in the bivalves - [MeHg]/[HgII] and [MeHg]/[Cd] - were close to 10 and 5 for the sediment source and 8 and 15 for the water column source. Metal distribution in the five organs revealed strong specificities, according to the different contamination modalities studied: kidney and gills were clearly associated with Cd exposure, mantle and foot with MeHg exposure and the visceral mass with inorganic Hg exposure.     

Results from the first year of the Swedish dioxin survey

PCDD/F levels are presented for food baskets, raw and fried herring, wolf muscle and moose tallow collected from the same area, three burbot liver samples, a sediment core from the Baltic Sea and leach water from three garbage dumps. Levels in food baskets were at or below detection limits making the estimation of intake via the diet difficult. Frying herring produces no net change in PCDD/F levels. Moose have lower PCDD/F levels than wolf from the same area. Levels in burbot liver samples are much higher near industrial discharges than in a more undisturbed area. The top 4 cm of the sediment core contain the highest levels of PCDD/F. Thereafter the levels drop and reach a low level. This low level is probably caused by contamination during sampling and is not evidence of PCDD/F presence far back in time. Leach water from city dumps contains low levels of PCDD/F but that from a dump that takes industrial wastes had higher levels and a different congener pattern.     

钢渣脱除烧结烟气中二氧化硫的实验研究

通过对钢渣的分析,确定了其作为脱硫剂的可能性.从钢渣在不同操作条件下脱硫的实验研究看,钢渣能有效地脱除烟气中的SO2,在湿润状态、低流速条件下,微细钢渣的脱硫能力较强,钢渣作为脱硫剂使用将具有良好的经济效益和环境效益.     

Distribution coefficients (Kd) and desorption rates of 137Cs and 241Am in Black Sea sediments

The distribution coefficients (K_d) and desorption rates of ¹³⁷Cs and ²⁴¹Am radionuclides in bottom sediments at different locations in the Black Sea were studied under laboratory conditions. The K_d values were found to be 500 for ¹³⁷Cs and 3800 for ²⁴¹Am at the steady state and described exponential curves. Rapid uptake of the radionuclides occurred during the initial period and little accumulation happened after four days. The desorption rates for ¹³⁷Cs in different bottom sediments were best described by a three-component exponential model. The desorption half-times of ¹³⁷Cs ranged from 26 to 50 d at the slow components. However, the desorption rate of ²⁴¹Am described one component for all sediment samples and desorption half-time was found to be 75 d. In general, the results showed that the ²⁴¹Am radionuclide is more effectively transferred to bottom sediment and has longer turnover time than ¹³⁷Cs under Black Sea conditions.     

Trace metal levels in freshwater fish, sediment and water

The trace metal concentrations in water, sediment and aquatic organisms, such as fish, could indicate the level and tendency of the pollution. This is important not only for the protection of the environment, but for evaluation of the quality of fish meat either captured from natural waters or cultured in fishponds. The total trace metal concentrations in samples of fish from different regions of Hungary and from different species have been determined by using an X-ray fluorescence technique (EDXRF). Water, sediment and fish samples from fishpond systems with different feeding and stocking has also been analyzed. In the case of zinc contents, differences have been traced between the cultured and wild common carp. In the case of common carp reared under different feeding conditions, differences were also observed in the zinc concentration. The retention of the trace metals in the fish has been studied by measuring the levels in sediment, water and feed. The different retention can be explained by the different availability of zinc in the applied feeds, which can be related to the presence of different metal species in the feeds.     

Use of oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and ambient water to assess metal pollution status of the charting coastal area, Taiwan, after the 1986 green oyster incident

Most of the oyster mariculture beds in Taiwan are in areas located along the west of the island. One of these areas is the Charting coast, where green oysters were found in 1986. During this incident, which became internationally notorious, mass mortality occurred in the Charting oyster beds. After this discovery, measures were taken by the authorities to counter pollution which lead to the problem. The effectiveness of these pollution control actions was evaluated in this study. Two water column indicators, particulate and sediment, and oysters were sampled and analyzed for metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni) in Charting and its neighboring areas, Kuen-Shen Lake and Shin-Da Harbor, and the control area/station, Dah-Pen Wan. The current study shows that copper and zinc concentrations in both oysters and particulates significantly decreased in the Charting area, compared with concentrations found during the period of the green oyster incident. Six years after the incident, the copper concentration in oysters had fallen from a high of 4400 μg/g dry weight to an average of 300±69 μg/g dry weight, figures similar to the copper concentration in 1982. The pollution control actions taken after the incident are believed to be the cause of this recovery of the coastal environment. Nevertheless, Charting still produced oysters with the highest copper and zinc concentrations among the areas investigated. Further measures currently being taken by the government, including removing the sediment of some portions of Erhjin Chi, should be able to bring the oyster copper concentrations down to the levels similar to those observed in the neighboring area, (average concentration below 200 μg/g dry weight or all time maximum concentration below 500 μg/g dry weight).     

水动力过程后湖泊水体磷素变化及其对富营养化的贡献

对水动力过程后水体磷素的变化作了研究，并就其对富营养化的贡献作了分析探讨。研究表明，水动力过程后，TP的质量浓度因重力对含磷颗粒的作用而随沉降时间的延长而渐渐变小，且初期幅度大，后期则趋于平稳；而TDP的质量浓度则在初期因悬浮物的脱附作用而增大，继而随着悬浮物的粘带作用沉降而减少，但经足够长的静置沉降，其又由于水底沉积物的释放作用而增加，有初期“汇”，后期“源”的特点。而分析则表明：水动力过程后。水体磷素会因沉降而变小，但在相当长(50min)的时间里，其质量浓度仍处于高值，从而为湖泊的富营养化提供了最为必要的营养成分，加上不停地受到包括风动力在内的影响，这应是浅水湖泊富营养化，并难以治理的根源。