WATER BUDGET COMPUTATION FOR A SHALLOW LAKE-LAKE OKEECHOBEE,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: The water budget computation in shallow lakes is complicated because marsh vegetation can transpire large quantities of lake water. Thus, a model including the marsh zone evapotranspiration (WET) was developed to compute the water budget for Lake Okeechobee. Three periods of testing (1969–74), planning (1963–74), and recorded period (1952–77) were used to compare the differences of the sum of storage deviation between the WET and conventional methods (WOET). Results of the WOET method showed that the sum of stage deviations were 87.42 cm (2.868 ft.), 231.80 cm (7.605 ft.), and 284.50 cm (9.333 ft.) in the testing, planning, and recorded periods, respectively. These stage deviations are equivalent in the same order to 29, 76, and 93 percent of the lake volume. In general, the WET method not only was applicable to compute the water budget for the lake but also reduced the sum of storage deviation by about 42, 31, and 49 percent, respectively, in those three periods. The storage deviation in WET method was reduced on an average to about 2 percent each year in all three periods, and the deviations were scattered more randomly than in WOET.     

PHOSPHORUS ACCUMULATION - DISCHARGE CYCLES IN MARSHES1

ABSTRACT: Artificial and natural marshes were studied to determine changes in quality of polluted water passing through them. Phosphorus removal ranged from zero to 64%. Removals in the 35% range were common, however. Much of the phosphorus went into sediments and unharvestable plant parts. Harvesting vegetation removed 6% of the phosphorus put into the system. Accumulation of phosphorus during the growing season was about 20 g*m^?2, much of which was flushed out after the onset of freezing weather. The amount of phosphorus flushed out can be prevented from entering a lake or stream by handling the marsh discharge in one of three ways; irrigate on land, lagoon to recycle later, treat conventionally if facilities are available.     

CONTROL OF LAKE PHOSPHORUS WITH ALUMINUM SULFATE: DOSE DETERMINATION AND APPLICATION TECHNIQUES1

ABSTRACT: Nutrient diversion does not always bring about prompt and sufficient reduction in lake phosphorus concentration due to recycling from nutrient rich sediments. Certain lakes and reservoirs may continue to experience nuisance algal blooms and require additional restorative steps. The phosphorus precipitation/inactivation technique is a procedure to remove phosphorus from the water column and to control its release from sediments in order to achieve P-limiting conditions to algal growth. Aluminum salts have been used in advanced waste water treatment to remove phosphorus and this technology was extended to lake rehabilitation. Guidelines for dose calculation and application are generally lacking, and are provided in this report. The dose determination suggested here allows maximum application of aluminum to bottom sediments and thus emphasizes long term control of phosphorus recycling. Dose can be calculated directly from the alkalinity of the water to be treated. Titration of lake water samples of Varying alkalinity allows the establishment of the relationship between residual dissolved aluminum, alkalinity, and dose which can then be employed for lake scale applications of alum to lakes and reservoirs. Application equipment and procedures are described. These depend on site characteristics and treatment objectives and include lakeside stores, a distribution pipe, and an application barge and manifold. Alum may also be used to meet other restoration objectives including the treatment of problem flows and the reduction of particulate concentrations.     

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS AS AN AID TO LAKE RESTORATION DECISIONMAKING1

ABSTRACT: The choice of a lake rehabilitation technique can be assisted by laboratory experiments concerned with the composition and properties of the sediments. This work on Sawgrass Lake, Pinellas County, Florida, provides an example of the type of laboratory information that can be useful towards making decisions regarding the most effective restorative techniques. Experiments include chemical analysis of sediment (water content, organic content, pesticides, nutrients), rate of sediment compaction and rehydration at ambient conditions, and the effect of treatment with alum and other chemicals.     

Estimation of Similarity in the Qualitative Composition of Humic Substance in Marine Sediments By Means of an Uv-Spectroscopic Library

In this paper a method for the study of the qualitative similarity of extractable humic substance (EHS) in marine sediments based on the realisation of UV spectral library of EHS is described. the spectral library was built including the digitised spectra of humic substance extracted from several marine sediments (46 samples) and two samples of standard materials (lignin sulphonate and humic substance) in a Statistica data file. the data matrix was elaborated by means of different multivariate statistic techniques such as Cluster Analysis (CA), Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the univariate technique Spectral Correlation Analysis (SCA). This approach allows us to show the contribution of different organic compounds (aromatic, lipid and acid) to the composition of EHS and moreover it evidences also the structural characteristics of EHS in terms of similarities in the qualitative composition of samples such as presence of terrestrial and/or vegetal contributions. the UV library is an objective tool to study the qualitative composition of EHS and it represents a complementary approach to the most common methods based on the application of spectroscopic (IR, ¹³CNMR), potentiometric and chromatographic techniques.     

Distribution of radionuclides among the main components of Lake Chervyanoe in the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace

Radioecological conditions have been estimated in Lake Chervyanoe located on the central axis of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT) about 100–110 km northeast of the Mayak Production Association. Data on the ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs contents in the main components of the lake, the distribution of these radionuclides over the profile of bottom sediments, and their amounts in the lake are presented. The experimental data have been used to construct mathematical models for estimating changes in the radionuclide concentrations and amounts in the water and bottom sediments of the lake over a long period after the nuclear accident, as well as the tritium content of the lake water in different periods of time.     

基于流域视角的水环境综合治理规划研究——以江苏省淀山湖为例

以流域为单元进行水资源综合规划和管理是实现水环境改善的重要途径。本文以太湖流域第二大省界湖泊—淀山湖为例,在综合分析流域水环境质量基础上,利用GIS 分析工具划分流域治理片区并制定分区管控策略。根据流域所含骨干河流流向、骨干河流与淀山湖交汇特点、上中下游不同河段及镇域行政边界,将淀山湖流域分为吴淞江流域、千灯浦- 淀山湖流域、昆南湖荡流域、元荡湖荡流域、太浦河流域五大片区138 个子评价单元。通过水环境容量与压力两类空间叠加分析,构建形成污染重点减排区、污染综合治理区、产业绿色化提升区、生态环境保育区等四个类型区域,并提出差异化的产业准入和环境治理措施。本研究不仅为以流域为治理单元的水环境治理规划提供了较为可行的技术体系,而且为太湖流域水环境综合整治思路创新提供了可借鉴的案例。     

不同退耕年限下菜子湖湿地土壤铁形态变化

选取菜子湖区不同退耕年限(3、5、7、9、11、21 a)湿地为研究对象,以仍耕作油菜地和原始湿地为参照,分别采用王水消解法和Tessier连续提取法,分析了退耕还湖后湿地土壤全铁和铁的赋存形态特征,探讨退耕还湖后湿地土壤铁组分特征变化规律.结果表明:研究区土壤铁各形态含量大小顺序为:残渣态(RES-Fe:17.09~30.84 g·kg-1)铁锰氧化态(RED-Fe:3.66~4.48 g·kg-1)有机结合态(OM-Fe:0.87~3.09g·kg-1)碳酸盐结合态(CARB-Fe:0.01~0.37 g·kg-1)可交换态(EXC-Fe:0.01~0.15 g·kg-1).占全铁均小于1.5%的EXC-Fe和CARB-Fe均在退耕3 a和5 a期间含量快速升高,而后降低再升高,最低值出现在退耕11 a;RED-Fe在退耕3~9 a比较稳定,随后缓慢增加;而OM-Fe随退耕年限增加整体上呈增加趋势;占土壤铁形态总量73.91%~85.42%的RES-Fe在退耕3a时含量下降,在3~9 a间呈现逐渐增加的趋势,9~21 a又逐渐下降;研究区全铁(Tot-Fe)平均含量在18.50~38.41 g·kg-1之间,变化趋势与RES-Fe基本一致.讨论结果表明退耕还湖后水文条件和植被状况的改变导致了土壤环境发生变化,从而不仅影响退耕后湿地土壤全铁含量变化,也影响土壤铁形态组分特征,进而影响土壤铁的有效性.     

基于实测数据与遥感影像的鄱阳湖水体光学分类

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,受季风气候影响其水体空间动态变化大,且广阔的水域内部差异也较大,因此湖泊水体光学分类对反演湖泊水质参数及监测湖泊水质有着重要意义。以鄱阳湖为研究区,根据实测的反射光谱数据形态特征将鄱阳湖的水体分为4类:特别浑浊、中等浑浊、轻度浑浊和清水区,并分别对每一类结果进行分析。考虑到实测光谱数据局限于湖区某些离散点的情况,不足以观测整个鄱阳湖区域内所有不同水体类型的空间分布和动态变化,从而将该方法利用于遥感影像以便观测整个湖区水体类型。在Landsat OLI遥感影像上任意选取采样点,根据其波谱形态建立基于斜率的分类算法,并应用决策树模型把鄱阳湖水体分为5类:特别浑浊、中等浑浊、轻度浑浊、清水区和特别清澈,影像的分类结果图与实地考察的情况相一致。把模型应用于其他时期的遥感影像进行鄱阳湖水体分类,对比影像的分类结果图表明:2002、2005和2009年鄱阳湖区分别出现3种、4种和4种不同的水体类型,且水体浑浊范围呈现出动态变化。研究表明水体光学类型分类可以更好的监测湖泊水质的时空变异性。     

鄱阳湖流域排污权初始分配模式的比较研究

排污权初始分配是排污权交易的起点和基础,在分配模式和实证研究方面需要加强。采用地区人口法、经济总量法、历史排污量法、环境容量法和综合分配法5种模式研究了鄱阳湖流域11个地市水污染物化学需氧量(COD)与氨氮的初始排污权分配。结果表明:COD和氨氮初始排污权在地市之间的分配格局相似;南昌、新余与鹰潭3市按经济总量模式分配的排污量明显高于其它模式,上饶、吉安两市人口分配模式高于其它模式,景德镇、九江两市历史排污量模式高于其它模式,赣州市环境容量模式高于其它模式,宜春市综合模式高于其它模式。综合分配模式为赣州市排污权总量最高,南昌、九江、吉安、宜春、抚州和上饶6市次之,景德镇、萍乡、新余、鹰潭4市最低。总体来看,排污权配额因分配模式不同而有所差异,综合分配模式得到的初始排污权最为合理。建议鄱阳湖流域严格执行综合分配模式下的各地市初始排污权分配额度,确保区域经济社会与生态环境的协调发展。