长江中下游地区湖泊富营养化的硅藻指示性属种

在对长江中下游地区45个湖泊表层沉积硅藻属种分布及多次季节性水样调查的基础上,研究了57个常见硅藻属种对总磷指标的生态学特征.利用加权平均回归方法,计算出常见属种对总磷指标响应的生态最佳值及忍耐幅度.根据生态学理论得出,属种Cyclotellameneghiniana、C.atomus、Stephanodiscusparvus、S.minutulus、Naviculasubminiscula是长江中下游湖泊富营养化发生的很好的指示性属种;而Aulacoseiraalpigea、Cyclostephanosdubius、C.tholiformis、C.invisitatus、Stephanodiscushantzschii、Naviculacirtrus、Nitzschiaagnita、N.subacicularis等则是潜在的湖泊富营养化的指示性属种.     

太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中重金属的含量

用ICP—AES方法测定太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn等重金属元素,以及Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Na,Sr,Ti,V等相关金属元素的含量,并分析了沉积物中相关元素的含量和分布特征．悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn的含量显著高于表层沉积物,Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Co,Fe,K,Mg,Pb,V等元素的含量高出表层沉积物10％-30％,Sr和Ti与沉积物中的含量相当,Na的含量则显著低于沉积物．重金属元素在悬浮物中表现出较强的富集作用．从污水入湖口到湾心,悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn含量呈明显降低的趋势,反映出直湖港对太湖的污染作用仍十分严重．但沉积物中重金属含量并未表现出自港口到湾心显著降低的趋势,说明该区域沉积物对水体重金属污染的记录信息可能失真．水体悬浮物的重金属含量可以很好地反映水体的污染状况及其潜在的生态效应．     

江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物中重金属污染特征及其风险评价

为揭示江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征,采集江苏省8个浅水湖泊的表层沉积物,测定了8种重金属的含量,并利用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物重金属的污染现状以及潜在生态风险程度进行评价。结果表明:江苏省8个浅水湖泊表层沉积物中Mn、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cu、As、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为634~1 031、66~138、76.0~97.5、39.2~56.3、25.2~50.1、9.9~27.1、0.15~2.98、24.6~51.6mg/kg。地积累指数法评价结果表明,Cd是江苏省8个浅水湖泊表层沉积物中最主要的污染物,Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Ni在一些湖泊为轻度污染,Mn和Cr处于无污染水平。Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,各湖泊综合潜在生态风险程度的高低顺序为:长荡湖石臼湖白马湖滆湖高邮湖洪泽湖澄湖骆马湖,长荡湖达到严重生态风险水平,石臼湖存在重生态风险,白马湖与滆湖处在中等生态风险水平,而骆马湖、洪泽湖、高邮湖以及澄湖重金属污染则处于低生态风险水平。     

沉积物有效态磷对湖库富营养化的指示及适用性

为探究不同类型湖库沉积物有效态磷对富营养化的指示意义及适用范围,选取了12个不同水深、不同换水周期的湖泊和水库进行4季度的水样、沉积物样品采集,以SMT分级方法提取的氢氧化钠磷(Na OH-P)作为沉积物有效态磷,分析了湖库中沉积物和水相磷含量之间的关系.结果表明,12个湖库的沉积物和水相磷含量差别大,沉积物Na OH-P含量范围为86～584 mg·kg-1(均值263 mg·kg-1),总磷含量225～760 mg·kg-1(均值502 mg·kg-1);水体总磷含量范围为0. 02～0. 35mg·L-1(均值0. 11 mg·L-1); 12个湖库的水体叶绿素a含量差异也很大,分布范围为3～349μg·L-1(均值51μg·L-1);沉积物与对应的水相各形态磷含量之间的相关分析发现,沉积物有效态磷与水相磷含量之间的相关性高于沉积物总磷,Na OHP比总磷能更好地反映湖库的富营养化状态,然而只有在换水慢的浅水湖库中,这种沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷的相关性才达到显著水平,表明"换水周期"和"水体深度"是影响沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷含量相关关系的两个关键因子:在换水快或是深水的湖库中,即使沉积物有效态磷含量较高,但是受多种因素影响,沉积物Na OH-P与水相磷含量的相关关系可能并不显著,而在换水慢的浅水湖库中,沉积物作为源和汇频繁与水体磷进行交换,尤其是在夏季藻类暴发时期,对水相磷升高贡献大,成为该类水体富营养化问题易发生、难治理的潜在缓冲因子.     

南昌市湖泊丰水期浮游细菌群落结构及影响因素

浮游细菌群落对城市湖泊中的营养元素循环及有机质分解发挥着重要作用.基于高通量测序技术,对南昌市湖泊浮游细菌群落结构的时间(4、6和8月)和城郊差异及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明：(1)南昌湖泊浮游细菌优势类群为放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 41.60%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 22.29%)、蓝藻菌门(Cyanobacteria, 16.21%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 10.17%).(2)南昌湖泊细菌群落结构在4、6和8月间存在显著差异,但在城区湖泊与郊区湖泊间不存在显著差异;以Proteobacteria(4月>6月>8月)和Cyanobacteria(6月>8月>4月)为主的10种菌门的丰度在3个月份间存在显著差异;6月菌群结构的相似性会随地理距离的增加产生明显的减小趋势,4月和8月的减小趋势不明显.(3)在降水偏多的6月,湖泊非淡水细菌的占比显著高于4月和8月,城区湖泊与郊区湖泊的非淡水细菌占比没有显著差异.(4)确定性过程主导了湖泊细菌群落的构建,随机过程对湖泊菌群构建的贡献较低;水温是影响南昌湖泊细菌...     

江苏省浅水湖泊表层沉积物重金属GIS空间分布及生态风险评价

为了解江苏省内浅水湖泊表层沉积物中重金属污染情况,对该省内11个湖泊表层沉积物进行采样,测定了As、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni这6种重金属的含量.利用GIS对重金属进行空间分布分析,并采用地累积指数法、改进的污染指数法、污染负荷法和潜在生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属污染情况进行评价.结果表明,研究湖泊表层沉积物中,As、Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Ni平均含量占江苏省土壤背景值的倍数分别为1.74~3.85、0.65~2.66、0.48~3.56、0.43~1.52、0.02~1.49和0.12~1.42,根据地累积指数法和潜在生态风险单项金属评价结果,As为主要污染物,不仅富集程度高而且具有较大的潜在生态风险,Cu次之,其余几种重金属污染程度相对较轻.综合几种评价方法的结果,三氿湖、高邮湖、邵伯湖表层沉积物中重金属污染情况相对最严重,污染负荷最大,潜在生态风险达到中等程度;滆湖、白马湖、洪泽湖表层沉积物中部分区域存在某些金属的污染,整体污染有加重趋势,沉积物中重金属污染负荷较大,潜在生态风险达到中等程度;其余5个湖泊,沉积物受重金属污染的风险以及污染负荷均较小,整体为无污染状态.     

Investigation and identification of factors affecting migrating peasant workers’ usage of safety footwear in the Chinese construction industry

A sample of 300 migrating peasant workers from 15 Chinese building construction sites completed a demographic questionnaire to investigate the usage of safety footwear. The survey form was constructed based on the theory of planned behaviour, and a total of 12 questions focusing on the workers’ past experience, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control were included in the survey. It was found that 92% of the participants did not wear safety footwear while working on construction sites, although more than 91% of them believed that safety footwear would protect the foot from injury; none of the participants had been provided free safety footwear by their employer. Regression analysis shows that employers’ attitude is the most important factor affecting their usage of safety footwear, ‘providing free safety footwear’ and ‘comfortability of the safety footwear’ ranking second and third respectively.     

VARIATION IN ADIRONDACK,NEW YORK,LAKEWATER CHEMISTRY AS FUNCTION OF SURFACE AREA1

ABSTRACT: Data from a recent survey conducted by the Adirondack Lake Survey Corporation were used to evaluate the influence of lake surface area on the acid-base status of lakes in Adirondack State Park, New York. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in the small lakes (< 4 ha) occurred more frequently at extreme values (> 200, < 0 μeq L^?1), whereas larger lakes tended to be intermediate in ANC. Consequently, acidic (ANC ≤ 0) and low-pH lakes were typically small. The small lakes also exhibited lower Ca²⁺ concentration and higher dissolved organic carbon than did larger lakes. Lakes ≥ 4 ha were only half as likely to be acidic as were lakes ≥ 1 ha in area. These data illustrate the dependence of lake chemistry on lake surface area and the importance of the lower lake area limit for a statistical survey of lake water chemistry.     

安徽省湖库型饮用水水源地水质评价研究

随着水资源日益紧缺以及水源污染情况的不断加剧,饮用水水源地的水质问题越来越受到社会的关注。运用单因子标准指数法以及卡尔森指数方法时安徽省境内31个县级以上的湖库型饮用水水泺地的水质状况以及湖泊富营养化程度进行了综合评价,并提出相应的防护措施。评价结果表明,全省湖库型饮用水水源地水质迭标个数为27个,达标率为87％。     

Ecosystem health assessment of urban rivers and lakes-Case study of "the six lakes" in Beijing,China

The assessment of the ecosystem health of urban rivers and lakes is the scientific basis for their management and ecological restoration. This study developed a three-level indicator system for its assessment. The results indicated that: Zhonghai and Nanhai are in the state of transition from unhealthy to critical state and all the other lakes are in unhealthy states. Water environmental quality, structure and function of the aquatic ecosystem, and the structure of waterfront areas were the constraints. Nanhai was ranked as poor and the others were all ranked as very poor. However, the ecological environment of Zhonghai and Nanhai were better than the others, the sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state were all close to 0.6. and the restorations of these lakes were moderate. The sums of the degree of membership to the healthy state and critical state of the other lakes were under 0.3, as it was difficult to restore these lakes. Some suggestions on scientific management and ecological restoration of the six lakes were proposed: ①To control non-point pollution and to improve the water quality of six lakes and the water entering into these lakes; ②To improve the hydrological conditions of six lakes; ③To rehabilitate the aquatic ecosystem and waterfront areas. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(11): 3019–3027[译自: 生态学报]