吉林省典型湖库中无机氮含量变化规律初探

通过对吉林省典型湖库1992－1997年的连续水质水文监测，探讨了吉林省主要湖库中无机氮含量的季节变化、年际变化规律及其成因，吉林省大多数湖库中的总氮处于中等富营养化程度，城市湖库（南湖）已超过富营养水平下降，受到外源性补给、温度和湖库使用功能的影响，湖库中各类型无机氮含量季节变化不一，总氮在全年出现波状起伏变化，大多数湖库中的无机氮和总氮出现逐年增加的趋势，湖库中无机氮含量受到水体中各种水质因素的综合作用。与其它单个水质之间的关系不明显。     

中国湖泊温度变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

利用2000~2015年MODIS温度产品数据MOD11A1,以中国不同自然地理单元且面积大于250km²的9大湖泊（呼伦湖、兴凯湖、洪泽湖、太湖、抚仙湖、纳木错、色林错、青海湖、博斯腾湖）为研究对象,利用小波变换的方法对湖泊温度的季节与年际变化特征以及对气候变化的响应进行了研究.结果表明：9大湖泊温度季节变化特征明显;湖泊温度的年温差从北向南随纬度变小而逐渐减小.在2000~2015年,湖泊温度的年际变化趋势均表现为先上升后下降.抚仙湖、色林错和博斯腾湖湖温年际变化的拐点均为2009年,其余6个湖泊年际变化的拐点均为2010年.根据再分析资料得到的湖泊气温均在2011~2015年呈下降趋势.所有湖泊水温对湖泊气温的响应程度强,湖温和气温的变化趋势基本一致.在气候变暖的背景下,各个湖泊结冰期出现了不同的响应特征.在2000~2015年,色林错结冰开始日期延后趋势最明显,而纳木错结冰开始日期提前趋势明显;呼伦湖融冰日期提前趋势最明显,而纳木错融冰日期呈延后趋势明显;呼伦湖和青海湖的结冰期缩短,纳木错和色林错的结冰期延长,而兴凯湖和博斯腾湖结冰期变化趋势不显著.     

挺水植物对湖泊水质数值模拟过程的影响

将environmental fluids dynamics code(EFDC)模型和CE-QUAL-ICM模型相结合,建立了内蒙古乌梁素海富营养化模型.在建模过程中,考虑挺水植物分布情况及其密度、高度、直径等形态指标,并将考虑挺水植物影响与未考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷模拟过程进行计算、对比、分析.结果表明,考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷浓度模拟值与实测值变化趋势基本一致,而未考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷浓度模拟值未能反映实测值的变化趋势,可见,湖泊挺水植物的存在对氮磷浓度的迁移转化起着关键的作用.同时,在模拟过程中明显提高了运算效率和模拟精度,表明考虑挺水植物影响的富营养化模型能够较好地反映湖区内某位置氮磷浓度的动态模拟结果,能够为湖泊管理部门提供一定的参考.     

Mercury in an ultraoligotrophic North Patagonian Andean lake(Argentina):Concentration patterns in different components of the water column

The deep, ultraoligotrophic piedmont lakes of Northern Patagonia (Argentina) are located in pristine and barely impacted areas, along a wide latitudinal range. Several studies have reported moderate to high total mercury (Hg) concentrations and contrasting methylmercury (CH3Hg+) production in different lake compartments. Sources of Hg for western Patagonian terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are still not clear; while point sources can be ruled out and atmospheric deposition is a plausible source, along with contribution from active volcanic areas of the Andes. In this investigation, we reported a noticeably seasonal, spatial (between lake branches), and vertical (between water column strata) heterogeneity in the total Hg concentrations found in the pelagic zone of Lake Moreno. Sterile water samples taken in a depth profile of the lake showed moderate to high concentrations of CH3Hg+ in autumn with a decreasing trend with depth. Our results indicated that Hg is largely allocated in the plankton fraction between 10–53 μm; which dominated within the euphotic (epilimnetic) zone of the lake due to the high densities attained by two species of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium. The 53–200 μm planktonic size fraction (comprising rotifers, ciliates and immature stages of crustaceans) and the 200 μm fraction (calanoid copepods and cladocerans) were found to bear strikingly lower total Hg concentrations, suggesting that the magnification of Hg at the planktonic consumer level is negligible.     

引江入湖修复城市内湖方案的初步探索

文章采用引水换水方案,通过对湖北黄石磁湖水和长江水的水质监测,在实验室条件下,采用静态浸泡实验,模拟换水工程,测定水质基本指标的变化情况,探讨了引江入湖修复城市内湖生态环境方案的可行性。结论认为:采用江水湖水比例为1.5∶1,秋冬季节引水较为适宜;考虑磁湖内源污染严重,单纯的引水对湖水水质改善难以发挥最大的环境和经济效益,可以采取有效的内源污染治理方案和引水方案并重对磁湖进行生态修复。     

Estimating the critical phosphorus loading of shallow lakes with the ecosystem model PCLake: Sensitivity, calibration and uncertainty

There is a vast body of knowledge that eutrophication of lakes may cause algal blooms. Among lakes, shallow lakes are peculiar systems in that they typically can be in one of two contrasting (equilibrium) states that are self-stabilizing: a ‘clear’ state with submerged macrophytes or a ‘turbid’ state dominated by phytoplankton. Eutrophication may cause a switch from the clear to the turbid state, if the P loading exceeds a critical value. The ecological processes governing this switch are covered by the ecosystem model PCLake, a dynamic model of nutrient cycling and the biota in shallow lakes. Here we present an extensive analysis of the model, using a three-step procedure. (1) A sensitivity analysis revealed the key parameters for the model output. (2) These parameters were calibrated on the combined data on total phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, macrophytes cover and Secchi depth in over 40 lakes. This was done by a Bayesian procedure, giving a weight to each parameter setting based on its likelihood. (3) These weights were used for an uncertainty analysis, applied to the switchpoints (critical phosphorus loading levels) calculated by the model. The model was most sensitive to changes in water depth, P and N loading, retention time and lake size as external input factors, and to zooplankton growth rate, settling rates and maximum growth rates of phytoplankton and macrophytes as process parameters. The results for the ‘best run’ showed an acceptable agreement between model and data and classified nearly all lakes to which the model was applied correctly as either ‘clear’ (macrophyte-dominated) or ‘turbid’ (phytoplankton-dominated). The critical loading levels for a standard lake showed about a factor two uncertainty due to the variation in the posterior parameter distribution. This study calculates in one coherent analysis uncertainties in critical phosphorus loading, a parameter that is of great importance to water quality managers.     

富营养化对浅水湖泊轮虫种群结构影响研究

石臼湖和固城湖是长江中下游两个浅水湖泊,富营养化问题日益突出。为探索湖泊富营养化对轮虫的影响,于2012年平水期和枯水期对这两个湖泊轮虫种群结构进行了调查,并检测水体理化因子,分析轮虫分布与水环境因子及水体富营养状况的关系。水质检测结果显示,平水期石臼湖除个别点水体综合营养状态指数（TLI）〉50为轻度富营养状态外,大多数站点TLI50,处于轻度-中度富营养化状态。水生生物调查检出轮虫35种,其中石臼湖33种,固城湖27种,平水期种类多于枯水期。出现的轮虫以臂尾轮虫（Brachionus）和异尾轮虫（Trichocerca）居多,优势种主要有螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）、广生多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）、疣毛轮虫（Trichocerca sp.）、沟痕泡轮虫（Pompholyx sulcata）、异尾轮虫属和臂尾轮虫属等。轮虫平均密度3023.19 ind·L-1,平均生物量745.72μg·L-1。现存量季节变动明显,大部分站点平水期大于枯水期。轮虫多样性指数也是平水期大于枯水期,石臼湖轮虫多样性大于固城湖。水体综合营养状态指数（TLI）与轮虫种类数和多样性成显著负相关,随着富营养化加剧,轮虫种类减少,多样性降低。典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA）表明,影响轮虫种群分布的主要环境因子为NH4＋-N、TN、TP和CODMn。按轮虫丰度分布与水环境因子的关系排序,2次调查的24个站点可大致分成3个组。轮虫种群结构受水体富营养状态影响,每组站点的代表性种类对水体营养状态有较好的指示作用。组1的代表性种类为曲腿龟甲轮虫,指示营养级别O-β;组2代表性种类萼花臂尾轮虫,指示的营养级别为β-α;组3以O营养级种类为主。     

DO WETLANDS BEHAVE LIKE SHALLOW LAKES IN TERMS OF PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS?1

ABSTRACT: The applicability of empirical relationships governing phosphorus (P) retention and nutrient assimilation in lakes and reservoirs was extended to include free surface water wetland treatment systems. Mixed reactor models have been used in lakes to predict steady state P concentration, characterize trophic state, compare P‐dynamics, and predict permissible P‐loading rates. Applying lake models to free surface water wetlands treatment systems, it was found that: sedimentation rates, loading rates, and settling velocity in these wetlands, and their typology are comparable to their lake counterparts. The analyses also suggest that phosphorus removal efficiency in a free surface water wetland treatment system is independent of trophic status, and similar to lakes, these wetlands can be classified according to their trophic state. Oligo‐and eutrophic wetland treatment systems can be defined by low and high TP inflow concentrations, respectively. In this study, olig‐otrophic status is defined as systems receiving inflow P‐loading less than 0.10 g m^‐2 year‐¹, and their P inputs are mainly derived from agricultural and stormwater runoff. Eutrophic treatment systems, on the other hand, are defined as those receiving inflow P‐loading higher than 0.20 g m² year‐¹, and their inputs are mainly derived from industrial and municipal wastewater. The comparability found between lakes and free surface water wetlands treatment systems raises the question: should we consider these wetlands “shallow lakes?”     

基于引江灌湖为基础的物理生态工程应用研究

结合武汉市湖泊特点及分析湖泊污染带来的危害 ,叙述了一种以引江灌湖为主的生态恢复技术———物理生态工程 ,它包括 :引江灌湖模式 ;光合耗营养盐系统 ;鱼类除营养盐、抑藻系统 ;底栖、浮游动物控营养盐系统和面源截营养盐系统。并从理论及过去他人的研究实例中阐述其可行性     

湖泊微生物群落构建机制及研究展望

湖泊微生物生态过程研究是深入了解湖泊生态系统结构与功能的关键。论述了湖泊微生物多样性时空分布规律及群落构建机制研究进展,总结了微生物群落构建机制的分析方法,介绍了微生物生态网络构建原理及应用。群落构建机制分析方法分为统计分析法、模型推断法和生态网络分析法。统计分析法包括群落结构差异分析、群落结构-环境因子关联分析和方差分解分析等,此类方法能够初步识别驱动群落组成与结构时空差异的影响因子,判别空间因素与已知环境变量对群落构建过程的相对贡献;模型推断法包括中性群落模型方法和零模型方法等,能够进一步实现对群落构建生态过程的区分,量化和比较随机性因素及确定性因素的相对重要性;生态网络分析法可用于揭示物种共现模式,探究作为确定性因素的生物相互作用,也可用于物种-环境响应关系的研究,探究环境选择过程对群落结构的影响。