旱季不同土地利用类型下岩溶碳汇效应差异

为研究不同土地利用类型下碳酸盐岩溶蚀对土壤CO2消耗量的差异,在2013年11月至2014年5月选取了柏树湾泉、兰花沟泉和后沟泉这3个岩溶泉进行水化学分析及野外监测.结果表明,在上覆植被为林地的柏树湾泉域,泉水的HCO-3浓度最高,草地与耕地下的兰花沟泉次之,耕地为主的后沟泉最低.柏树湾泉的HCO-3主要来自于碳酸对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀,Ca2++Mg2+与HCO-3的摩尔比接近0.5,而兰花沟泉和后沟泉的HCO-3则主要来源于硫酸和硝酸对碳酸盐岩的溶蚀,Ca2++Mg2+与HCO-3的摩尔比远远大于0.5.柏树湾泉域由于凋落物的输入以及土壤透气性差,土壤CO2更容易溶于下渗水并与碳酸盐岩反应,而兰花沟泉和后沟泉的耕地由于土壤疏松,土壤CO2更容易以土壤呼吸的形式返回到大气中.因此,为准确评估岩溶碳汇作用,需要研究不同土地利用类型下碳酸盐岩对CO2消耗量的差异.     

昌吉硫磺沟矿区地表沉陷区的土地整治与生态恢复

针对昌吉市硫磺沟矿区煤矿开采引起的地表沉陷及其对矿区地表及环境破坏的影响,以减轻地表沉陷危害程度、恢复矿区所在地的生态功能为目标,按照采矿区塌陷类型、塌陷坑大小及塌陷区地理环境,采用不同的土地整治与生态恢复措施,在防治和控制矿区地表沉陷引起的生态破坏及生态环境保护方面取得很好的成果与经验.     

建设用地土壤污染状况调查监管存在的问题及对策探讨

明确了建设用地土壤污染状况调查监管的对象,分析了我国现阶段调查监管存在的监管力量不足、从业门槛不明确、实时监管措施缺乏等问题.结合国内外调查工作监管经验和近年苏州工业园区调查监管的探索实践,提出了鼓励引导相关利益方参与调查监管、建立健全从业人员和机构监管制度、引入监理机制、推进信息化过程管理等对策建议.     

Causes of change in nitrophytic and oligotrophic lichen species in a Mediterranean climate: impact of land cover and atmospheric pollutants

With the aim of determining the main drivers of changes in nitrophytic and oligotrophic macro-lichen communities in an industrial region with a Mediterranean climate, we considered both land-cover types and atmospheric pollutants. We determined the relation between the abundance of nitrophytic and oligotrophic species with environmental factors considering the distance of influence of land-cover types. The results showed that oligotrophic species decreased in the proximity of artificial areas, barren land and agricultural areas, associated with higher concentrations of NO₂ and Zn, and Ti, probably dust of industrial and agricultural origin. Nitrophytic species were positively related to all the mentioned land-cover types, and with higher concentrations of Fe and N. Magnesium, probably from ocean aerosols, was negatively related to oligotrophic species and positively to nitrophytic.     

A study of climate change and anthropogenic impacts in West Africa

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: During the last decades ecological conditions in West Africa have dramatically changed. Very evident is the climate change, which has resulted in a southward shift of the climate zones, e.g. a spread of the desert (Sahara) into the Sahelian zone. After the drought period of the early 1970s and 1980s, livestock density increased resulting in an intensification of grazing pressure. This anthropogenous phenomenon leads to similar landscape changes as those caused by the climate. Only very few investigations exist on vegetation dynamics, climate changes and land use changes for the Sudanian zone. The paper presents data on changes of precipitation, of land use, of the geographical range of species, and of the composition of the flora, which have to be regarded as proofs of the sahelisation of large areas of the Sudanian zone. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Area of investigation: Burkina Faso. Precipitation data analysis: precipitation data from 67 stations; time series analysis and geo-statistical spatial interpolation. Analysis of land use change: Landsat satellite MSS and ETM+ data, acquired for two different dates between 1972 and 2001 analyzed by the software ERDAS/IMAGINE version 8.6 and ArcView 3.2 with the Spatial Analyst extension. Intensive ground truthing (160 training areas). Inventory of the flora: based on the data of the Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR) in Frankfurt, Germany, and of the herbarium of the university of Ouagadougou (OUA), Burkina Faso, as well as on various investigations on the vegetation of Burkina Faso carried out in the years 1990 to 2005 by the team of the senior author. Life form analysis of the flora: based on the inventory of permanent plots. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Precipitation: Remarkable latitudinal shift of isohyets towards the South translates to a general reduction of average rainfall in great parts of the country. The last decade (1990-1999) shows some improvement, however, the more humid conditions of the 1950's and 1960's are not yet established again. Landcover change: In the study region the extent of arable fields and young fallows increased during the last 30 years from 580 km(2) in 1972 to 2870 km(2) in 2001. This means an average land cover conversion rate of 0.9% per year for the 6 departments considered. Change of the distribution of Sahelian and Sudanian species: Several species, mentioned in older literature as strictly Sahelian, today also occur in the Sudanian zone. Parallel to the spread of former strictly Sahelian species into the Sudanian zone, some former Sahelo-Sudanian species have withdrawn from the Sahel. Changes of the life form spectra of the flora: Considering their life form spectra, the flora of heavily grazed and of protected areas in the Sudanian zone show great differences. On areas intensively grazed the percentage of therophytes is evidently higher than on protected areas. Just the opposite is true for the phanerophytes. Their percentage is higher on the protected area than on the grazed zones. At the first glance, it is obvious to link the changes in flora and vegetation with the climate changes that have occurred during the last five decades (decrease of annual precipitation). However, not only climatic conditions have changed, but also population has increased, the percentage of land intensively used for agriculture and pasturing has increased and the time for soil regeneration today is much shorter than it was some decades ago. Thus, the landscape of the Sudanian zone has become a more Sahelian character. A comparison of the flora of an intensively used area of the Sudanian zone with that of a protected area shows a remarkable change in the life form spectra. The spectrum of the intensively used area is almost identical with that of the typical Sahelian flora. This comparison shows that the anthropogenic influence plays a greater role in the sahelisation of the Sudanian zone than the climate change. CONCLUSION: Climate change and anthropogenic influence both, lead to a sahelisation of landscape and flora. Thus in many parts of the Sudanian zone of West Africa sahelisation phenomena will remain and even increase independently from the reestablishment of the more humid climate conditions of the 1950ies. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: In order to maintain some parts of the characteristic Sudanian landscape with its characteristic flora and vegetation, the number and size of protected areas should be augmented. For all protected areas it has to be ensured, that protection is reality, i.e. respected an understood by local people, not only fiction. As long as the enlargement of intensively used areas continues the sahelisation of flora, vegetation and landscape will continue too.     

Energy,food, and land — The ecological traps of humankind

Humans’ superiority over all other organisms on earth rests on five main foundations: command of fire requiring fuel; controlled production of food and other biotic substances; utilization of metals and other non-living materials for construction and appliances; technically determined, urban-oriented living standard; economically and culturally regulated societal organization. The young discipline of ecology has revealed that the progress of civilization and technology attained, and being further pursued by humankind, and generally taken for granted and permanent, is leading into ecological traps. This metaphor circumscribes ecological situations where finite resources are being exhausted or rendered non-utilizable without a realistic prospect of restitution. Energy, food and land are the principal, closely interrelated traps; but the absolutely decisive resource in question is land whose increasing scarcity is totally underrated. Land is needed for fulfilling growing food demands, for producing renewable energy in the post-fossil and post-nuclear era, for maintaining other ecosystem services, for urban-industrial uses, transport, material extraction, refuse deposition, but also for leisure, recreation, and nature conservation. All these needs compete for land, food and non-food biomass production moreover for good soils that are scarcer than ever. We are preoccupied with fighting climate change and loss of biodiversity; but these are minor problems we could adapt to, albeit painfully, and their solution will fail if we are caught in the interrelated traps of energy, food, and land scarcity. Land and soils, finite and irreproducible resources, are the key issues we have to devote our work to, based on careful ecological information, planning and design for proper uses and purposes. The article concludes with a short reflection on economy and competition as general driving forces, and on the role and reputation of today’s ecology. Updated version of the keynote lecture presented at the EcoSummit 2007 in Beijing, China, May 24. The article is gratefully dedicated to the memory of my late colleague and friend Frank B. Golley.     

宁夏新垦区昆虫群落生态演替及有害种预警系统研究

以宁夏中宁县长山头、大战场（荒漠半荒漠）、灵武市狼皮子梁（沙漠）、青铜峡市渠口农场（草原化荒漠）３类垦前环境及其垦后不同耕作年限（１－１５ａ）农田昆虫群落演替进行了系统调查与研究,事理鉴定出昆虫１１目７９科２０４种,按其分布和种群动态变化划分为原生性种类、共生性种类、继生性种类和迁入性种类４个生态型类群。在此基础上研究了不同目、不同营养型类群和不同生态型类群昆虫多样性变化及时间系列演替,发现随着荒     

城市园林绿化用地土壤肥力诊断与综合评价——以广州市长虹苗圃为例

以广州市长虹苗圃为例,在实地调查与采样分析的基础上,首先对土壤肥力各单项指标进行诊断分析,然后采用修正的内梅罗指数对各地块进行土壤综合肥力评价。结果表明长虹苗圃土壤pH值偏低,有机质以及其它主要养分含量缺乏,各地块综合肥力系数大都属于贫瘠水平,其中南区、北区综合肥力明显低于东区。     

西庄河流域土地利用方式对土壤肥力影响的研究

采用野外调查、取样和实验分析相结合的方法对云南省保山市西庄河山地流域内4种主要土地利用方式（林地、耕地、茶园、灌丛）的土壤理化性质进行对比研究,讨论了不同土地利用方式对土壤肥力的影响,结果表明,不同的土地利用方式对土壤肥力具有比较明显的影响：土壤有机质和全氮质量分数变化从大到小依次为灌丛＞林地＞茶园＞耕地;磷、钾元素表现为耕地＞茶园＞林地＞灌丛;土壤阳离子交换量表现为耕地＞茶园＞灌丛＞林地;盐基饱和度表现为耕地＞灌丛＞林地＞茶园;农业耕作活动对表层土壤物理性质影响明显。     

旱地长期定位施肥对土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积的影响

在 １５ ａ长期定位试验基础上研究了黄土高原旱地长期施用不同用量和配比的氮、磷肥对土壤剖面中硝态氮分布和累积的影响。结果表明：长期大量施用氮肥,在土壤剖面 １００～１８０ ｃｍ之间形成硝态氮累积层,峰值出现在 １４０ ｃｍ处,最大值为 ６７．９２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（单施 Ｎ １８０ ｋｇ／ｈｍ~２）; 配合施用磷肥可以降低土壤剖面硝态氮质量分数,根据试验,提出了旱地合理施肥的氮磷肥用量。