秦岭山地丹江流域土地利用变化的土壤侵蚀效应评价

论文采用ArcGIS 10.0及InVEST土壤保持模型,分析2000—2010年秦岭山地丹江流域土地利用类型变化特征,模拟流域不同时期不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀及土壤保持量的变化规律,并着重探讨土地利用类型方式转变对流域土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：1）2000—2010年间,流域裸地大比例减少90.18%（831.06 hm²）,主要转移至水域,耕地大面积减少5 197.24 hm²（4.11%）,主要流向灌丛和城镇;坡耕地还林还草初见成效,湿地的保护与恢复成效显著。2）2000—2010年间,流域土壤侵蚀状况较为严重,整体处于中度侵蚀至强度侵蚀级别,但10 a间侵蚀状况有减缓趋势;在该研究时段内,耕地大面积转为灌丛是该流域由土地利用类型变化引起的土壤侵蚀减缓的主要原因;另外,耕地转为林地以及裸地面积的减少也起到了减轻土壤侵蚀的作用;以自然生态系统为主的林地、灌丛及草地转为耕地时,土壤侵蚀强度则会明显增加。3）生态系统土壤保持功能受多方因素共同影响;2000、2010年研究区实际土壤保持量分别为5.35×10⁸、5.47×10⁸ t;占全区面积一半以上的林地和灌丛单位面积土壤保持量较为稳定,全区土壤保持功能有所提高。保证一定面积的林地、在人工干预下合理安排坡耕地还林还草区域的空间分布是秦岭山地丹江流域减少土壤侵蚀的必要措施,同时应注重对可利用耕地的保护。     

北京一次严重雾霾过程气溶胶光学特性与气象条件

对北京地区2013年10月2~7日一次严重雾霾过程中的气溶胶光学特性开展研究,分析了气象条件对雾霾过程的影响,并结合HYSPLIT模型分析污染物的来源.结果表明,在污染天气中气溶胶光学厚度、?ngström波长指数、细模态体积尺度谱峰值浓度远高于清洁天.10月5日雾霾最为严重,440nm波长处气溶胶光学厚度高达3.89.在雾霾发生前后,单次散射反照率日均值随波长增大而增大,而在10月5日,单次散射反照率值随波长增加先增大后减小,在675nm波长处达到最大值0.965.雾霾过程中大气气溶胶以强散射型细粒子为主,人为因素贡献较大,且受气象条件影响明显.     

基于CBDI的农户耕地撂荒行为模型构建及模拟研究——以陕西省米脂县冯阳坬村为例

目前,建立于复杂性科学基础上的多智能体模型（MAS）已成为模拟研究土地利用变化的重要方法。论文在MAS理论之上,构建一个基于Category-Belief-Desire-Intention（CBDI）决策结构的MAS模型,结合NetLogo软件平台,模拟分析农户Agent土地利用行为,并将结果与Belief-Desire-Intention（BDI）模型进行比较。论文以陕西省米脂县冯阳坬村为例进行研究,分析结果表明：1）通过对基于CBDI的MAS模型验证（模型精度为87.19%）,相比于传统的BDI决策模型精度有所提高;2）NetLogo平台能够展示农户决策的过程,直观地显示MAS模型的模拟结果;3）不同类型农户耕地撂荒的主要原因有所不同,该村种植户撂荒的主要因素为地理环境认知的差异和其他类农户的影响。有待进一步解决的问题：1）不同类Agent相互影响及其量化;2）高精度基础数据的获取和梯田DEM的引入。     

晋北地区1986~2010年土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力

为定量研究不同时期区域土地利用变化的不同驱动特征,以地处农牧交错带的晋北地区为例,采用非监督分类与人工目视解译相结合的方法,获取研究区1986~2010年间的土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）状况,采用典范对应分析（CCA）方法定量分析了不同阶段LUCC的自然与人为驱动特征.结果表明：1）CCA在分析长时期序列LUCC驱动力上有较好的解释力,CCA排序可以很好地提取LUCC与自然、人为因素之间的关系,反映不同时期土地利用变化受到的驱动作用;2）研究区土地利用类型以耕地、草地、林地为主,土地利用变化类型以耕地与草地、林地与草地之间的互相转移为主;3）从不同时期LUCC的驱动因子来看,人口密度、人均国内生产总值（GDP）、降水、坡度和高程是研究区各时期LUCC的主要驱动力;研究区在1986~1995年间LUCC的主要驱动力来自于人口增长和经济发展的需求,而随着时间的推进,坡度和高程等地形因素的驱动作用也愈来愈重要;4）从不同地类变化的驱动因子来看,耕地、草地等地类向居民用地、工矿用地转移的主要驱动力是人口和经济的发展;而林地,草地等土地覆被类型之间的转移主要受到坡度,高程和降水等自然因素的驱动.     

基于LUCC的艾比湖区域生态风险评价及预测研究

以新疆内陆艾比湖流域典型区域为研究区,基于RS和GIS技术分析1998、2013年土地利用变化,尝试用CA-Markov模型预测2028年土地利用/覆盖变化.借助Fragstats3.4软件,基于土地利用/覆盖变化构建景观生态风险评价模型,分析1998~2028年景观生态风险的时空分异特征.结果表明：（1）1998~2013年,研究区土地类型面积变化明显.耕地面积增加量最大,增加的面积为152139hm²,而未利用地面积减少量最大,减少的面积为67605hm².2013~2028年,耕地和裸露的河床及盐渍地的面积增加明显,增加的面积分别为30730hm²,12427hm²,而未利用地和水体的面积分别从954376hm²和44889hm²,减至921079hm²和37157hm².（2）1998~2028年,研究区生态风险等级空间分布差异明显.高生态风险区面积变化较为显著,其面积分别约占总面积的36.6%,7.3%,23.7%.1998~2028年,全局Moran's Ⅰ值分别为0.436962,0.442202,0.506622,表现为一定程度的正相关.（3）1998~2028年,耕地分布在低,较低生态风险的比重上升,所占百分比分别为58.46%,78.58%,79.9%.林、草地类型的各生态风险等级的所占的比重的波动较大.     

Removal of Eu3+, Ce3+, Sr2+, and Cs+ ions from radioactive waste solutions by modified activated carbon prepared from coconut shells

As a biomass agricultural waste material, coconut shells were used for the preparation of high-quality modified activated carbon. Chemical modification of the surface of the prepared activated carbon is done by oxidation using H₂O₂ and HNO₃, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of the coconut shells activated carbon are increased by the chemical modification, and followingly the removal of the metals is improved. The structural morphology and composition of the modified activated carbon coconut shells (MACCS) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis. The prepared MACCS has reasonably good chemical stability. The influence of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, initial metal concentrations, and interfering ions on the adsorption performance of the investigated ions onto the prepared sorbent was examined by a batch method. The selectivity sequence for sorption of Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions on MACCS was found to be Eu^3+?>?Ce^3+?>?Sr^2+?>?Cs⁺. The saturation capacities of MACCS for the studied metal ions were found to be 136.84, 85.55, 69.85, and 60.00?mg?g^?1 for Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were also evaluated.     

Monitoring of soil biochemical quality parameters under greenhouse spinach cultivation through animal waste recycling

Under the intensive agricultural system, direct application of animal slurries to soils can provide a sustainable disposal of these wastes by inducing positive changes in soil quality and fertility. However, how animal wastes quantitatively affect the key nutrients (C, N, P and S) transforming soil enzymes is not clearly known. A greenhouse spinach cultivation study demonstrated that pig slurry, either in raw (RS) or processed (aerobically aged) (PS) form, significantly (p?β-glucosidase (23–39%), urease (59–103%), nitrate reductase (73–103%) and dehydrogenase (27–72%)) and microbial growth in soil as compared to the unamended control. However, it did not significantly (p?>?.05) alter the aryl sulphatase enzyme activity. Slurry applications also significantly improved the macro (N, P and K) and micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe) uptake by spinach plant and hence the yield (2.9–3.38 times higher than control). Similarly, compared to chemical fertilisers the application of pig slurries improved soil biological and biochemical parameters as well as plant nutrients uptake. This study demonstrated the closing of global energy and nutrient cycles through land application of animal wastes without compromising the crop yield.     

镉对3株不同地点生长的大麻生长及矿质元素吸收的影响

为了研究镉胁迫对不同大麻生长的影响,以来自山西的大麻M1和来自甘肃的大麻M2、M3为材料,通过土培盆栽试验,研究了镉胁迫对大麻SPAD值、光合参数、不同组织碳水化合物含量和矿质元素含量的影响及不同地点株间差异。结果表明:镉胁迫显著降低大麻SPAD值,及其光合能力,且不同植株间存在显著差异,M1受抑制严重;镉胁迫使大麻地上部蔗糖和总可溶性糖含量显著升高,根系、叶片和籽粒淀粉含量显著降低。镉含量分析结果显示,镉主要滞留在根系中,其中M1镉积累量最高;镉胁迫显著抑制了大麻M1根系对锰和铜元素的吸收,同时也影响了其在地上部各器官的分配和积累,降低了M3对锌元素的吸收。镉对大麻的影响因大麻不同植株间及组织部位而异。     

Approaches and terminology for causal analysis in land systems science

Research into land and social-ecological systems science could benefit from improved clarity in the terminology used for causal analysis and a structured way to make causal inferences. Here I identify two aspects of causality, i.e. causal effects and causal mechanisms, and discuss explanation in historical sciences. I then propose definitions for the major terms used for causal relations, including driver, (spatial) determinant, location and contextual factor, proximate and underlying factors. Finally, I discuss the contribution of various operational approaches, including time series and counterfactual approaches for assessing causal effects and process-tracing approaches for establishing causal mechanisms. Having a coherent concept of causality, agreeing on a precise vocabulary and harnessing our tools with the clear purpose of establishing both causal effects and causal mechanisms should strengthen causal explanations for single cases, for drawing policy-relevant lessons and for theoretical development in relation to land and, more broadly, social-ecological systems processes.     

Exploration of spatial morphometry and socioeconomic variables in modelling urban land use change

The incorporation of land use (LU) data with socioeconomic data is a main issue in modelling. This is as a result of difference in data model and scale. This study proposed and tested the change–pattern approach, which allows the incorporation of these data sets in modelling LU change. Focusing on LU dynamics for a selected part of the Thames Gateway within the City of London, the approach tested two different methods of input selection for the modelling operations. Variables selected from these two methods serve as inputs into several neural networks tested in order to identify the direction of change for each of the LU types within the study area. The result shows that direction of LU change across the study area could be identified when spatial morphology of the area and socioeconomic variables are considered. Some classes of change could be identified fairly accurately using landscape metrics indicating level of fragmentation, extent of LU patches, shape complexity of LU patches in combination with some socioeconomic variables.