重庆黔江地区2014年PM_(2.5)浓度变化分析

本文整理分析了2014年重庆黔江区的PM2.5变化规律。从每个月来看,重庆黔江区2014年PM2.5污染逐渐加剧,造成这种现象的原因与天气、城市基础设施建设和工业废气的排放有关,因此应主要从控制人为污染源的出发,降低重庆黔江地区PM2.5的浓度。     

Variation in soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure induced by the conversion from double rice fields to drained fields北大核心CSCD

Land use conversion is an important factor influencing the carbon gas exchange between land and atmosphere. The effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial function is important for soil organic carbon sequestration and stability. This research studied the effects of land use conversion on soil chemical properties, organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure after two years of conversion from double rice cropping (RR) to maize-maize (MM) and soybean-peanut (SP) double cropping systems in southern China. The results showed that soil pH significantly decreased by 0.50 (MM) and 0.52 (SP, P = 0.002), and dissolved organic carbon significantly increased by 23%- 35% (P = 0.016). No significant difference was found in soil organic carbon mineralization rate with the land use conversion, though the accumulated mineralization decreased after 13 days of incubation (P = 0.019). Land use conversion from paddy to upland significantly changed soil microbial community structure. The total PLFAs, bacterial, gram-positive bacterial (G+), gram-negative bacterial (G-) and actinomycetic PLFAs decreased significantly (P < 0.05), the ratio of fungal PLFAs to bacterial PLFAs (F/B) increased significantly (P = 0.006). But no significant differences in microbial groups were found between MM and SP. The accumulated mineralization at the beginning period of the incubation were significantly positively correlated with soil actinomycetic PLFAs (P = 0.034). After 13 days of incubation, soil F/B showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization (P = 0.004). However, soil microbial community structure(P = 0.014)and total PLFAs(P = 0.033)showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization after 108 days of incubation. Our results indicated that after conversion from paddy soils to drained soils, soil pH and total nitrogen are the key factors regulating the variations in soil microbial community structure and biomass, and then influencing soil organic carbon mineralization.     

Trends of the sunshine duration and diffuse radiation percentage on sunny days in urban agglomerations of China during 1960–2005

The long-term observational data of sunshine duration (SD) and diffuse radiation percentage (defined as diffuse solar radiation/total solar radiation, DRP) on sunny days during 1960–2005 were analyzed in 7 urban agglomerations and the whole of China. The results show that the sunny sunshine duration (SSD) has decreased significantly except at a few stations over northwestern China in the past 46 years. An obvious decrease of the SSD is found in eastern China, with the trend coefficients lower than − 0.8. Accompanied by the SSD decline, the sunny diffuse radiation percentage (SDRP) in most stations shows obvious increasing trends during the 46 years. The averaged SDRP over China has increased 2.33% per decade, while the averaged SSD shows a decrease of − 0.13 hr/day per decade. The correlation coefficient between SDRP and SSD is − 0.88. SSD decreased over urban agglomerations (small to large city clusters) in the past 46 years, especially in large cities and medium cities, due to the strong anthropogenic activities and air pollution represented by aerosol option depth (AOD) and tropospheric column NO₂ (TroNO₂). On the regional scale, SSD has an opposite trend from SDRP during 1960 to 2005, and the variation trends of regional mean values of SSD and SDRP in southeastern China are more pronounced than those in northwestern China.     

Winter survival of microbial contaminants in soil: An in situ verification

The aim of the research was to evaluate, at site scale, the influence of freezing and freeze/ thaw cycles on the survival of faecal coliforms and faecal enterococci in soil, in a climate change perspective. Before the winter period and during grazing, viable cells of faecal coliforms and faecal enterococci were detected only in the first 10 cm below ground, while, after the winter period and before the new seasonal grazing, a lower number of viable cells of both faecal indicators was detected only in some of the investigated soil profiles, and within the first 5 cm. Taking into consideration the results of specific investigations, we hypothesise that the non-uniform spatial distribution of grass roots within the studied soil can play an important role in influencing this phenomenon, while several abiotic factors do not play any significant role. Taking into account the local trend in the increase of air temperature, a different distribution of microbial pollution over time is expected in spring waters, in future climate scenarios. The progressive increase in air temperature will cause a progressive decrease in freeze/thaw cycles at higher altitudes, minimising cold shocks on microbial cells, and causing spring water pollution also during winter.     

Diurnal and spatial variations of soil NOx fluxes in the northern steppe of China

NOx emissions from biogenic sources in soils play a significant role in the gaseous loss of soil nitrogen and consequent changes in tropospheric chemistry. In order to investigate the characteristics of NOx fluxes and factors influencing these fluxes in degraded sandy grasslands in northern China, diurnal and spatial variations of NOx fluxes were measured in situ. A dynamic flux chamber method was used at eight sites with various vegetation coverages and soil types in the northern steppe of China in the summer season of 2010. Fluxes of NOx from soils with plant covers were generally higher than those in the corresponding bare vegetation-free soils, indicating that the canopy plays an important role in the exchange of NOx between soil and air. The fluxes of NOx increased in the daytime, and decreased during the nighttime, with peak emissions occurring between 12:00 and 14:00. The results of multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the diurnal variation of NOx fluxes was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.05) and negatively with soil moisture content (P < 0.05). Based on measurement over a season, the overall variation in NOx flux was lower than that of soil nitrogen contents, suggesting that the gaseous loss of N from the grasslands of northern China was not a significant contributor to the high C/N in the northern steppe of China. The concentration of NOx emitted from soils in the region did not exceed the 1-hr National Ambient Air Quality Standard (0.25 mg/m³).     

常规试验设备温度循环应力筛选技术改进

目的寻找基于常规试验设备温度循环应力筛选技术的改进方法。方法应用常规温度循环试验箱,结合对军用电子产品进行环境应力筛选(ESS)的实际情况,测量产品在温度循环应力筛选时,产品内部升降温的实际速率,通过对这些测量结果比较分析,找出这一方法存在的问题,特别是缺陷暴露程度与应力筛选的相关性差,通过对温度循环筛选参数的合理选择进行分析,找出解决这一问题的思路。结果理论筛选度较高(如0.89)的试验,实际测算额得出的筛选度很低(如0.54)。结论应用温度循环应力筛选的方法,确立合理的应力参数,就可取得理想的试验效果,节省一半的试验时间。     

济南城市热岛动态变化遥感定量监测及其驱动因素分析研究

城市热岛是城市发展过程中遇到的难题,对人居环境造成较大影响.定量分析研究城市时空演变特征,探究热岛驱动因素,有助于为城市热岛动态变化分析提供技术支撑.论文以济南市为研究对象,采用2000年-2009年间7-8月份MODIS LST数据,分析10年间热岛变化特征.结果表明,10年间,济南城区温度明显高于郊区,热岛效应显著,并且,热核区、特高温区等区域呈现周期性扩张与收缩规律;通过提取2000年及2009年济南市人工表面与植被面积,发现2009年比2000年人工表面面积扩张33.33％,植被减少6.76％,且人工表面扩张与植被减少的区域大部分重合,这对城市热岛形成产生了一定促进作用.另一方面,通过统计分析2000年与2009年人口数量、机动车保有量、烟尘排放量数据,分析济南城市热岛驱动因素,结合城市规划建设,为缓解济南城市热岛提出参考性建议.     

近47年来东北地区典型开垦型农场气候变化特征分析研究

利用1964年-2010年气象资料,采用回归分析和滑动t检验等方法,分析中国东北地区典型开垦型农场气温和降水量的变化特征。结果显示：47年来,八五九农场气温在波动中呈显著上升趋势,年均气温线性倾向率为0.14℃/10 a;年降水量也在波动中呈现上升趋势,其线性倾向率为7.51 mm/10 a。滑动t检验结果表明,20世纪70年代末期是八五九农场气温明显由冷向暖转变的分界点;而年降水量在70年代末期由少向多发生较为显著的变化。     

秩相关系数及其在蒲石河水质分析中的应用

系统介绍了秩相关系数的计算、检验及Excel计算模式,为环境质量报告书的编制及水质趋势变化分析提供了更加方便的方法。     

江湖关系变化对鄱阳湖沉积物重金属分布及生态风险影响

选取不同水情下鄱阳湖表层沉积物,研究江湖关系变化对其重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr和Cd的分布及生态风险影响,结果表明:①鄱阳湖沉积物受不同程度重金属污染,入湖河流颗粒物输入是鄱阳湖沉积物重金属的主要来源,其中Cu和Pb是主要污染因子.各重金属污染程度排列次序为:Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr>Cd,丰水期沉积物各重金属含量的变化范围为Cu 13.1~108.1 mg·kg-1、Pb 37~119.1 mg·kg-1、Zn 29.9~129.9 mg·kg-1、Cr 13.3~98.6 mg·kg-1和Cd 0.19~2.77 mg·kg-1;枯水期为Cu 3.05~69.7 mg·kg-1、Pb 27.5~105 mg·kg-1、Zn 18.8~95.4 mg·kg-1、Cr 7.34~70 mg·kg-1与Cd 0.033~0.406mg·kg-1;高值区域集中在"五河"尾闾水域和鄱阳湖入长江的湖口水域.②丰水期鄱阳湖沉积物重金属高风险区主要集中在五河尾闾区;枯水期,沉积物重金属高风险区面积扩大,不仅局限于五河尾闾区,且向北部进一步扩散,湖口区域的风险较大,但全湖生态风险总体上丰水期大于枯水期.③随着鄱阳湖与长江江湖关系进一步发生变化,丰水期水位抬高且维系时间缩短、枯水期提前、湖泊由"湖相"至"河相"的转变进程加快、河流特性增强,将导致全湖沉积物重金属生态风险相应降低,但高风险区域的范围进一步向北扩大.