济宁市生活垃圾渗滤液的电化学氧化法处理技术探析

目前,生活垃圾污染已经日趋严重,而生活垃圾渗滤液对环境造成的危害更是不容忽视,它影响地表景观,污染地下水,因此,对生活垃圾渗滤液的处理显得尤为重要.本文采用电化学氧化法研究生活垃圾渗滤液中CODcr和NH3-N去除率的影响因素,通过正交实验法得出:当电流密度为7.5 A/dm2、NaCl投加量为2g、pH为4时,经过2h的电解,二者的去除率均很高,因此,这种电化学氧化法对生活垃圾渗滤液处理具有较好的效果.     

CA-RO法对垃圾渗滤液的处理研究

实验的主要内容为:(1)利用化学沉淀法对老龄垃圾渗滤液进行预处理.通过单因素实验和正交实验确定氧化钙投加量、反应温度、曝气时间和曝气用量的最佳反应条件;(2)CO2曝气和PAM絮凝实验.通过确定最佳CO2气体和PAM(聚丙烯酰胺)的用量降低液体中钙离子的含量和液体的pH值;(3)一级RO膜反渗透处理.通过反渗透膜实现对垃圾渗滤液的COD和氨氮的进一步处理.实验研究表明:在前处理的氧化钙投加量为24 g/L,反应温度为42℃,曝气时间为6h,曝气用量为0.5 m3/h,C02的用量为1.0 m3/h,PAM絮凝剂的投加量为4 mg/L时CA-RO法处理效果最好.氨氮的去除效率可达97.2％,COD的去除效率可达88.43％.     

非正规填埋场渗漏的层次化环境风险评价模型及案例研究

通过系统分析非正规填埋场建设、运行和封场的工艺工程及其环境特征,将其渗漏风险的发生过程划分为3个阶段,针对不同阶段采用不同风险评价模型:采用水均衡模型和Monte Carlo方法研究渗滤液的渗漏风险;采用基于Darcy定律和Fick定律的溶质运移方程和Monte Carlo方法研究地下水的污染风险;采用剂量-效应模型评价受渗滤液污染地下水的人体健康风险,最终构建了非正规填埋场渗漏风险评价的层次化风险评价模型.应用该模型评价了西北地区某非正规填埋场的环境风险.结果表明:1第1层次的风险评估结果能较好的表征第2层次和第3层次风险的大小,其结果可作为是否进行后续风险评价的判断依据;2仅就本填埋场而言,若采用层次化风险评价模型,可大幅节约风险评价所需的时间成本(95%)和工程成本(96.5%);3案例表明该填埋场渗漏量超过可接受渗漏量的概率为0,渗漏风险极小;渗滤液的渗漏对地下水影响很小,污染风险为0;该填埋场渗滤液中存在的六价铬和总铬的非致癌危害商均低于10-2,健康风险水平很小;综合考虑,该填埋场的环境风险较小,无需采取工程措施对其进行治理或搬迁.     

Investigation on removal pathways of Di 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate from synthetic municipal wastewater using a submerged membrane bioreactor

Highly hydrophobic Di 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most prevalent plasticizers in wastewaters. Since its half-life in biological treatment is around 25 days, it can be used as an efficiency indicator of wastewater treatment plant for the removal of hydrophobic emerging contaminants. In this study, the performance of submerged membrane bioreactor was monitored to understand the effect of DEHP on the growth of aerobic microorganisms. The data showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia concentration were detected below 10 and 1.0 mg/L, respectively for operating conditions of hydraulic retention time (HRT) = 4 and 6 hr, sludge retention time (SRT) = 140 day and sludge concentration between 11.5 and 15.8 g volatile solid (VS)/L. The removal efficiency of DEHP under these conditions was higher and ranged between 91% and 98%. Results also showed that the removal efficiency of DEHP in biological treatment depended on the concentration of sludge, as adsorption is the main mechanism of its removal. For the submerged membrane bioreactor, the pore size is the pivotal factor for DEHP removal, since it determines the amount of soluble microbial products coming out of the process. Highly assimilated microorganisms increase the biodegradation rate, as 74% of inlet DEHP was biodegraded; however, the concentration of DEHP inside sludge was beyond the discharge limit. Understanding the fate of DEHP in membrane bioreactor, which is one of the most promising and futuristic treatment process could provide replacement for conventional processes to satisfy the future stricter regulations on emerging contaminants.     

土壤粒径、氮素及重金属对填埋场覆土CH_4氧化的影响

采用批式培养试验重点研究了土壤粒径、NH4+-N和NO3--N及重金属〔Zn和Cr(Ⅵ)〕含量对填埋场砂性覆土及一般砂土CH4氧化能力的影响.结果表明:合适的土壤粒径能显著提高砂性覆土和一般砂土的CH4氧化能力(P0.05),当粒径为1.00~2.00 mm时,砂性覆土和一般砂土的CH4氧化速率分别高达0.24和0.12μmol/(g·h).低浓度NH4+-N或NO3--N均可以促进砂性覆土和一般砂土的CH4氧化,而高浓度则会明显抑制CH4氧化.砂性覆土和一般砂土的外源氨氮和外源NO3--N的投加量(以w计)临界值均为200 mg/kg,砂性覆土对NH4+-N浓度的波动有更好的适应能力;重金属Zn、Cr(Ⅵ)对砂性覆土和一般砂土CH4氧化的抑制作用均随浓度的升高而增强,Zn对砂性覆土CH4氧化的抑制作用程度大于Cr,并且Zn对一般砂土CH4氧化的抑制程度明显强于砂性覆土.为此,筛选合适粒径级配的土壤,同时控制覆土中氮素及重金属的本底含量,有利于填埋场CH4氧化.     

SBR处理早期垃圾渗滤液中的COD和氨氮

采用SBR法对早期垃圾渗滤液进行好氧生物处理,探讨了进水COD负荷、pH值对COD、氨氮的处理效果和机理。实验结果表明:当运行周期为24 h时,好氧生物处理对早期的垃圾渗滤液有很好的处理效果,COD的去除率都能达到88%左右;出水的COD浓度随着进水COD浓度呈直线变化。pH一直保持在中性条件下,有利于COD的去除,但是对氨氮的去除却有一定的抑制作用。     

Sulfide oxidation in fluidized bed bioreactor using nylon support material

A continuous fluidized bed bioreactor (FBBR) with nylon support particles was used to treat synthetic sulfide wastewater at different hydraulic retention time of 25, 50 and 75 min and upflow velocity of 14, 17 and 20 m/hr. The effects of upflow velocity, hydraulic retention time and reactor operation time on sulfide oxidation rate were studied using statistical model. Mixed culture obtained from the activated sludge, taken from tannery effluent treatment plant, was used as a source for microorganisms. The diameter and density of the nylon particles were 2-3 mm and 1140 kg/m³, respectively. Experiments were carried out in the reactor at a temperature of (30 ± 2)℃, at a fixed bed height of 16 cm after the formation of biofilm on the surface of support particles. Biofilm thickness reached (42 ± 3) μupm after 15 days from reactor start-up. The sulfide oxidation, sulfate and sulfur formation is examined at all hydraulic retention times and upflow velocities. The results indicated that almost 90%-92% sulfide oxidation was achieved at all hydraulic retention times. Statistical model could explain 94% of the variability and analysis of variance showed that upflow velocity and hydraulic retention time slightly affected the sulfide oxidation rate. The highest sulfide oxidation of 92% with 70% sulfur was obtained at hydraulic retention time of 75 min and upflow velocity of 14 m/hr.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液有机物成分分析及蒸发处理研究

采用GC-MS对某垃圾填埋场渗滤液中的有机物成分进行检测分析。结果表明:渗滤液中至少含有50种有机污染物,相对含量最高的有机污染物是尼古丁和3-甲酚。研究真空度、蒸发温度和pH值对渗滤液蒸发过程中冷凝液的COD、TOC和氨氮浓度的影响,并对冷凝液进行有机物成分检测,结果表明:蒸发速率和冷凝液COD值均随蒸发温度和真空度的增加呈增加趋势,蒸发温度和真空度对冷凝液TOC值影响不大,随蒸发温度升高冷凝液中氨氮含量整体呈下降趋势;在蒸发温度60～120℃范围内,冷凝液的有机物成分以烷烃类有机物和尼古丁为主;烷烃类有机物的析出仅与蒸发温度有关,苯酚类有机物的析出与真空度和蒸发温度均有关;在酸性条件下蒸发冷凝液的COD值和TOC值均远大于在中性和碱性条件下的数值,但氨氮含量相反;酸性条件下冷凝液有机物成分主要为有机酸和烷烃类有机物。     

膜生物反应器处理高浓度含酚废水研究

将膜生物反应器(MBR)用于高浓度含酚废水的处理中,探讨了进水中苯酚浓度、水力停留时间和污泥浓度对膜生物反应器处理含酚废水效果的影响。实验结果表明:经过42d驯化后,可以在高浓度含酚废水中正常运行,MBR系统对COD和氨氮的去除率分别可达98%和80.6%。当苯酚浓度为134mg/L时,处理的最佳水力停留时间为3h,最佳污泥浓度(MLSS)为7367mg/L。     

基于分区多点供电的填埋场渗漏实时检测系统研究

针对现有填埋场渗漏检测系统在检测大面积填埋场时存在的检测成本高、电极铺设困难和定位不精确的实际问题,设计了一种新型填埋场实时渗漏检测系统,该系统采用分区检测、多点供电的方式采集检测电极电势,并通过定位算法定位漏洞。该系统在大大降低了大面积填埋场渗漏检测成本的同时,也提高了定位精度。通过在中国环境科学研究院内小型填埋场做模拟实验验证,在膜上供电电流400 mA、膜下电极栅格间距10 m、膜下媒质电阻率50Ω·m的情况下,系统的定位精度可达到20 cm。该系统为垃圾填埋场的科学管理和减少环境污染提供了新的科学技术手段。