城市垃圾渗滤液场内循环处理的探讨

本文对城市垃圾渗滤液的产生量、水质特征及其影响因素进行了分析，介绍了当前国内外垃圾渗滤水场内循环处理的两大研究流派-以欧美国家为主的生物反应器填埋技术和以日本为主的循环式准好氧填埋技术。根据我国城市垃圾有机物含量高的特点，提出了适合我国国情的、将准好氧填埋技术与生物反应器填埋技术特点相结合的城市垃圾填埋场渗波液场内循环处理的设计思路。     

生活垃圾填埋产沼的提取净化利用

垃圾填埋是目前我国各城市广为采用的垃圾处理方式，但垃圾填埋产沼以后对沼气的回收利用却不被人们所熟知和重视。由此造成了对可开发利用的二次能源的极大浪费，而沼气对周围环境也造成了严重的污染并对大气臭氧层造成了破坏。本文阐述了垃圾填埋产沼回收的必要性和经济性，对垃圾填埋产沼提取利用、制取汽车压缩气的可行性及工艺流程进行了分析和介绍。     

新疆油田抽汲排液污染控制研究

抽汲排液存在抽汲设备和工具密封性差,对井场环境污染比较严重的问题,为解决抽汲排液对井场造成的污染,分别对抽汲钢丝绳的选择、试油井口防喷盒的密封以及试油抽汲作业规程及其它方面作了研究和应用,使抽汲排液对井场造成的污染得到了较好控制,符合新疆油田创建"绿色油气田"的要求。     

Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were examined by PCRDGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methaneconsuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methaneconsuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.     

Diversity of methanotrophs in a simulated modified biocover reactor

A simulated landfill biocover microcosm consisting of a modifying ceramsite material and compost were investigated. Results show that the mixture can improve the material porosity and achieve a stable and highly efficient (100%) methane oxidation over an extended operating period. The diversity of the methanotrophic community in the microcosm was assessed. Type I methanotrophs were enhanced in the microcosm due to the increased air diffusion and distribution, whereas the microbial diversity and population density of type II methanotrophs were not significantly affected. Moreover, the type I methanotrophic community structure significantly varied with the reactor height, whereas that of type II methanotrophic communities did not exhibit a spatial variation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that type I methanotroph-based nested polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) resulted in the detection of eight different populations, most of which are related to Methylobacter sp., whereas that of type II resulted in the detection of nine different populations, most of which are related to Methylocystaceae. Methanotrophic community analysis also indicated that a number of new methanotrophic genera not closely related to any known methanotrophic populations were present.     

基于层次分析法的模糊综合评判在危险废物填埋场场址比选中的应用

以江苏省某市2个拟建危险废物填埋场址(E和F)为研究案例,通过综合比较2个拟建场址的地质条件、场地建设、环境保护和交通运输等影响因素,建立了基于层次分析法与模糊综合评判法相结合的优化选择方法;以层次分析法建立危险废物填埋场选址评价指标体系,构造判断矩阵,在确定各制约因素及子系统权重值的基础上,利用模糊综合评判法建立各指标因素相对应的隶属函数和模糊综合评判矩阵;评判矩阵与指标权重结合,计算出各场址相应的综合适宜性评价得分,参照危险废物填埋场适宜性等级标准,最终选出最佳场地。结果表明：场址E的综合适宜性评分为96.3,为最佳场地;场址F的综合适宜性评分为86.8,为适宜场地。     

不同臭氧催化氧化体系处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的效果及能耗分析

老龄垃圾渗滤液因其成分复杂且可生化性差,故传统技术无法对其进行有效降解,且利用臭氧催化氧化体系处理垃圾渗滤液缺乏系统性评估报道。为解决上述问题,采用臭氧/过二硫酸盐(${{\rm{S}}_2}{{\rm{O}}_8^{2 - }}$,PS)、臭氧/过一硫酸盐(${\rm{HS}}{{\rm{O}}_5^ -} $,PMS)和臭氧/过氧化氢(H₂O₂)氧化体系,探讨了处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的可行性,考察了初始pH、温度、O₃及H₂O₂、Na₂S₂O₈、KHSO₅的投加量等因素对其处理效果的影响,并对其能源效率进行了分析。结果表明,优化条件下,O₃/PMS、O₃/H₂O₂和O₃/PS的单位数量级能耗(electrical energy per order,EE/O)分别为1 007.5、1 233.7、662.6 kWh·m⁻³,O₃/PMS氧化体系处理老龄垃圾渗滤液的效果与O₃/H₂O₂氧化体系相似,且优于O₃/PS。由综合处理效果与能耗评估结果可知,O₃/H₂O₂氧化体系最佳,在温度为25 ℃,pH=6,O₃和H₂O₂投加量分别为3 g·h⁻¹和2 125 mg·L⁻¹,反应时间为60 min条件下,能耗最低,EE/O降至443.9 kWh·m⁻³,且TOC去除率和反应速率常数分别为27.1%和0.005 3 min⁻¹,BOD₅/COD也由0.18增至0.26。综合上述结果,基于臭氧体系的高级氧化法能耗较高,可将臭氧催化氧化与低成本的生物处理技术相结合,从而实现对污染物高效经济降解。上述研究结果可为臭氧高级氧化技术的工程化应用提供参考。     

厌氧-准好氧型填埋的渗滤液实验研究

通过室内模拟试验,在渗滤液回灌的厌氧填埋柱基本进入稳定状态后,改用准好氧运行方式。同时监测了渗滤液中有机物浓度以压温度、pH值的变化。改变模拟垃圾柱的运行方式两个月以后。氨氯浓度由2000mg／L迅速下降至101．48mg／L,试验结果显示,准好氧运行方式可以解决生物反应器填埋场进入稳定阶段后存在的氨氮浓度高的问题,加速填埋场的稳定。     

基于航空摄影测量的填埋堆体动态重构精度及影响因素

填埋堆体表面形变监测是填埋场库容管理和堆体失稳等风险分析的核心,其时空高分辨率监测研究近年来引起广泛关注。基于航空摄影的地表测量技术具有采集速度快、时空分辨率高等优点,但在填埋场特殊环境下,面对高频填埋活动、显著的堆体变化以及防雨膜覆盖等干扰时,要同时满足高时空分辨率和耗时短的动态监测要求,无人机的最佳飞行参数设定亟待研究。为此,该研究模拟中等规模危险废物填埋场的规模和日填埋量,利用专业级无人机获取模拟区域图像,空三加密处理生成三维点云数据,利用Arcmap叠加分析多期监测数据,从点位坐标、重构尺度、重构体积、体积差分精度4个角度分析重构误差。结果表明:三维重构的坐标精度可以达到米级;重构尺度误差为2~3 cm,重构体积误差为0.16~0.17 m³,差分体积误差为0.16~0.17 m³;进一步研究发现,高度为25~55 m时,高度越高精度越低,相机倾角为[-53°,-60°]时,精度最高,旁向重叠率大于80%时,误差骤减且基本稳定。考虑到填埋场的填埋作业间隔、无人机续航能力等对飞行时间的约束,为获得最佳精度,建议无人机飞行高度为37 m、相机倾斜角度为[-53°,-60°]、旁向重叠率为80%。     

基于层次分析法-熵权法的污染地块异味污染物优先度评价方法——以农药类污染地块为例

土壤中异味污染物的风险管控已成为我国农药化工等行业污染地块环境管理的迫切需求。为筛查土壤优先控制异味污染物,研究基于土壤中挥发性异味污染物的迁移、暴露过程和危害效应的系统量化与分析,建立了污染地块异味污染物优先度评价指标体系;采用层次分析法-熵权法确定指标综合评价权重,分析了异味污染物优先度的影响因素,并选取3个农药类案例地块进行验证性评价。结果表明,构成地块异味污染物优先度排序指标体系第二层次的4个准则中,影响程度从高到低为：危害性、迁移性、防护性与暴露性;第三层次15个要素主客观综合权重范围为0.033 6~0.149 6,其中嗅阈值权重最高。案例地块异味污染物基于层次分析法-熵权法的优先度评价等级与基于实测数据通过异味活度值和健康风险影响评价的等级具有一致性。本研究结果可为异味污染地块优先控制异味污染物的筛查提供参考。