Ecological recovery of vegetation at a former industrial sludge basin and its implications to phytoremediation

Examination of a former industrial sludge basin containing organic pollutants showed that the basin had undergone substantial ecological recovery through natural forces following the removal of surface water in 1982. Conventional phases of ecological recovery (plant invasion and succession) have occurred, but the structure of the biodiverse plant community (51 species and 22 families) was different from that at a recovering non-polluted disturbed site. Three plant species (Bermuda grass, mulberry, and sunflower) believed to be early invaders of the basin still persist in large numbers indicating that these species are well suited to cope with normal environmental stresses at this area (i.e. seasonal drought and flood) as well as organic pollutants. There was an indication that early invaders of the site fostered disappearance of contaminants thereby creating more favorable conditions for a broader spectrum of plants to grow. Vegetation analyses of naturally vegetated hazardous waste sites hold promise as a screening device for identifying plant species and management practices worthy of further phytoremediation investigations.     

不同质地土壤对填埋场渗滤液的吸收净化效能

用沙土、粘土和壤土为材料 ,研究不同质地土壤对填埋场渗滤液的吸收净化效能 .结果表明 ,不同质地土壤净化效能差异较大 ,壤土和粘土各处理第 1周内对 COD的去除率达到 90 %以上 ,对 NH₃^- N的去除率为 87%～97%之间 ,而沙土各处理对COD的去除率在 84%～89%之间 ,对 NH₃- N去除率在 45%～78%之间 .各处理对 COD和 NH₃^- N的去除率逐步下降 ,4周后有的呈波动反弹 .粘土对 P的去除效果最好 ,几乎全部吸收 .对金属的去除效果也以粘土和壤土较好 .不同质地土壤净化效能随土层厚度的增加而增强 ,栽植狗牙根能促进土壤对 COD、P、NH₃^- N以及金属等吸收与净化 ,对毒性的去除能力也增强 ,体现了植物对土壤净化系统的增效作用 .     

垃圾沉降对竖向堆高的垃圾填埋场的影响及处理方法设计

对垃圾体的沉降机理进行分析,结合竖向堆高设计的无锡市桃花山垃圾填埋场扩建工程设计实例,介绍了对该工程基础即原工程垃圾体的沉降量计算和基础沉降危害的处理方法。     

有机氯农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中污染物的垂向分布特征

为了解农药企业搬迁遗留场地土壤中六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的垂向分布特征,在某有机氯农药企业搬迁遗留场地的不同功能区设置采样点,分层采集土壤样品并分析其污染物的垂向分布特征.结果表明,在表层、亚表层土壤样品中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)较高,随着深度的增加土壤中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)逐渐下降,但下降幅度呈现出一定的波动性.该场地土壤中的有机氯农药引起地下水污染的风险较低.通过研究污染物的组成发现,土壤中作为母体化合物的w(DDT)较低,其代谢产物w(DDD)和w(DDE)较高,HCHs异构体中β-HCH所占比例相对较高,表明过去生产期间的遗留是土壤中有机氯农药的主要来源.土壤理化性质与污染物含量间的相关性分析结果显示,位于西南部试验厂区土壤中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)与w(有机质)相关性显著,说明该场地土壤中的有机质是影响有机氯农药分布的重要因素之一.      

应用磁异常信号监测填埋体位移的技术研究

在比较填埋场内部位移监测方法的基础上,提出利用增强填埋场内目标体所产生的磁异常信号(磁通量密度,以ΔT计)观测填埋体位移的方法. 建立正演模型,研究目标体磁异常信号的理论曲线变化特征及其在不同环境条件下的信号变化规律. 对ΔT实测值分析表明,填埋场环境背景值(-100～100 nT)并不会掩盖特征目标体磁异常信号的最大理论值(724.31～2 804.24 nT),确定了该方法的可行性. 模拟表明,在规定目标体大小、磁化强度的条件下,当目标体埋深为1～2 m时,其水平位置定位误差≤0.02 m,竖直位置定位误差≤0.09 m,证实了磁测定位方法具有良好的应用前景.      

Linking Terrestrial and Marine Conservation Planning and Threats Analysis

Abstract:  The existence of the Gulf of Mexico dead zone makes it clear that marine ecosystems can be damaged by terrestrial inputs. Marine and terrestrial conservation planning need to be aligned in an explicit fashion to fully represent threats to marine systems. To integrate conservation planning for terrestrial and marine systems, we used a novel threats assessment that included 5 cross-system threats in a site-prioritization exercise for the Pacific Northwest coast ecoregion (U.S.A.). Cross-system threats are actions or features in one ecological realm that have effects on species in another realm. We considered bulkheads and other forms of shoreline hardening threats to terrestrial systems and roads, logging, agriculture, and urban areas threats to marine systems. We used 2 proxies of freshwater influence on marine environments, validated against a mechanistic model and field observations, to propagate land-based threats into marine sites. We evaluated the influence of cross-system threats on conservation priorities by comparing MARXAN outputs for 3 scenarios that identified terrestrial and marine priorities simultaneously: (1) no threats, (2) single-system threats, and (3) single- and cross-system threats. Including cross-system threats changed the threat landscape dramatically. As a result the best plan that included only single-system threats identified 323 sites (161,500 ha) at risk from cross-system threats. Including these threats changed the location of best sites. By comparing the best and sum solutions of the single- and cross-system scenarios, we identified areas ideal for preservation or restoration through integrated management. Our findings lend quantitative support to the call for explicitly integrated decision making and management action in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.     

中试规模厌氧型生物反应器填埋场的启动

对生物反应器填埋场启动的优化方案进行了考察,以每周回灌渗滤液量分别为1.6,0.8,0.2m3的3个模拟试验柱(记作R1、R2、R3)和1个每周回灌0.1m3清水的对比试验柱(记作R4)为研究对象,分析试验柱进出水水质变化和填埋气体产生情况.结果表明,较高的回灌水力负荷能够加速垃圾中有机质的溶出,提高填埋气体的产生速率.R1~R4的COD_Cr净流出总量之比为6.75:3.74:1.16:1.00,累计气体产生量之比为100.00:7.92:4.78:1.30.启动初期采用较大的回灌水力负荷不利于生物膜的附着生长,可先采用较低的回灌负荷进而逐步提高.较大的回灌量有利于加速填埋场的稳定化,R1在45周时出水水质已呈现“老龄”渗滤液的部分特征,COD_Cr降低到1870mg/L,BOD5/COD_Cr降至0.12.气候条件对回灌渗滤液的污染负荷有重要影响,进水氨氮浓度旱季最高值3475mg/L,雨季最低值1274mg/L.生物反应器填埋场的启动时间宜选择在雨季.     

社会发展与环境资源冲突的典型案例——济南市生活垃圾填埋处置场选址问题研究

用冲突分析理论分析了社会发展与环境资源冲突的典型案例——济南市生活垃圾填埋处置场的选址问题,预测了这一冲突的发展,研究设计了解决这一冲突问题的处理方案．     

厌氧滤池-膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液不同工艺段中有机氯农药残留的分析

建立了基于HLB固相萃取柱和气相色谱／电子捕获(GC／ECD)分析垃圾渗滤液中有机氯农药的分析方法,对厌氧滤池．膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液不同工艺段水体中有机氯农药的浓度进行了分析．结果表明,应用厌氧滤池．膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液可以有效去除有机氯农药残留,主要去除工艺是厌氧,其中P,P’-DDT厌氧反应的中间体产物是P,P’-DDD,大部分继续转化为其它产物．在所试验的垃圾渗滤液中没有检出DDTs和HCHs以外的其它优先控制有机氯农药．     

垂直铺膜技术在垃圾处理场的应用

卫生填埋是世界各国应用较多的固体废弃物的处置方式 ,本研究根据岩土工程界的研究成果 ,提出垃圾场垂直插铺土工膜阻隔垃圾渗滤液技术