Anammox: an option for ammonium removal in bioreactor landfills

Experiments carried out in bioreactor landfill simulators demonstrated that more than 40% of the total N was transferred into the liquid and gas phases during the incubation period of 380 days. Ammonium, an end product of protein degradation and important parameter to consider during landfill closure, tends to accumulate up to inhibitory levels in the leachate of landfills especially in landfills with leachate recirculation. Most efforts to remove ammonium from leachate have been focused on ex situ and partial in situ methods such as nitrification, denitrification and chemical precipitation. Besides minimal contributions from other N-removal processes, Anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) bacteria were found to be active within the simulators. Anammox is considered to be an important contributor to remove N from the solid matrix. However, it was unclear how the necessary nitrite for Anammox metabolism was produced. Moreover, little is known about the nature of residual nitrogen in the waste mass and possible mechanisms to remove it. Intrusion of small quantities of O₂ is not only beneficial for the degradation process of municipal solid waste (MSW) in bioreactor landfills but also significant for the development of the Anammox bacteria that contributed to the removal of ammonium. Volatilisation and Anammox activity were the main N removal mechanisms in these pilot-scale simulators. The results of these experiments bring new insights on the behaviour, evolution and fate of nitrogen from solid waste and present the first evidence of the existence of Anammox activity in bioreactor landfill simulators.     

回灌条件下垃圾填埋体析出氨氮总量模型

文章在试验基础上提出垃圾厌氧填埋场达到稳定后,温度与渗滤液中氨氯析出总量呈二次关系,对试验数据进行相关性分析,其相关系数R2达到0.9185,从而验证了该二次函数关系的正确性.同时本文提出了回灌条件下,垃圾厌氧填埋体氨氮析出总量的模型,为今后该方面研究工作的进一步展开提供借鉴.     

Cd and Zn Concentration in Hybrid Poplar Foliage and Leaf Beetles Grown on Polluted Sediment-Derived Soils

Foliar Cd and Zn concentrations of hybrid poplars commonlyplanted on sediment-derived soils were assessed in field circumstances. Selected sites covered a range of soil types andplantation characteristics. Reference data for foliar concentrations were established from samples taken in a tree-nursery. Even in the reference situation a large variationin foliar Cd and Zn concentrations was observed, with relative standard deviations in the order of 15%. Foliar concentrations of Cd and Zn in poplars growing on sediment-derived soils increased during the growing season. The accumulation rate was markedly higher on polluted sediment-derived soils than in thereference situation. Poplars grown on polluted sedimentderived soils showed elevated and deviating foliar Cd and Znconcentrations (>7.5 mg Cd kg^-1 DW and 320 mg Zn kg^-1 DW). A thin unpolluted covering layer did not influence foliarconcentrations. Regardless of site characteristics, poplarage, species or clone, a significant positive relation wasfound between soil and foliar concentration for Zn and to alesser extent for Cd. Bioconcentration factors for Cd and Znwere higher than one in baseline situations, but mostly lowerthan one on polluted sediment-derived soils. Cd:Zn ratio wason the average twice as high as in the soil. Leaf beetlesshowed normal body concentrations for Zn, but higher Cdconcentrations than in reference situations. BCFs were lowerthan one on sediment-derived soils. Foliar results indicateda possible threat in long-term habitat development of poplarplantations. This conclusion was confirmed by the significanthigher Cd concentrations in leaf beetles grown on poplarswith deviant foliar concentrations. However, litterdecomposition rates were generally evaluated as normal.     

Methane Emission Estimates from Landfills Obtained with Dynamic Plume Measurements

Methane emissions from 3 different landfills inthe Netherlands were estimated using a mobileTuneable Diode Laser system (TDL). The methaneconcentration in the cross section of the plumeis measured downwind of the source on a transectperpendicular to the wind direction. A gaussianplume model was used to simulate theconcentration levels at the transect. Theemission from the source is calculated from themeasured and modelled concentration levels.Calibration of the plume dispersion model isdone using a tracer (N₂O) that is releasedfrom the landfill and measured simultaneouslywith the TDL system. The emission estimates forthe different locations ranged from 3.6 to 16 m³ ha^-1 hr^-1 for the differentsites. The emission levels were compared toemission estimates based on the landfill gasproduction models. This comparison suggestsoxidation rates that are up to 50% in springand negligible in November. At one of the threesites measurements were performed in campaignsin 3 consecutive years. Comparison of theemission levels in the first and second yearshowed a reduction of the methane emission ofabout 50% due to implementation of a gasextraction system. From the second to the thirdyear emissions increased by a factor of 4 due tonew landfilling. Furthermore measurements wereperformed in winter when oxidation efficiencywas reduced. This paper describes themeasurement technique used, and discusses theresults of the experimental sessions that were performed.     

非正规垃圾填埋场土壤和地下水重金属污染特征与评价

为了解非正规垃圾填埋场土壤和地下水重金属污染状况,以江西乱石湾垃圾填埋场周边土壤和地下水为研究对象,对研究区进行采样分析,应用内梅罗综合污染指数法和美国环保局地下水健康风险评价模型对该垃圾填埋场土壤和地下水中重金属污染物进行含量特征分析与评价。结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd、Cu、Pb重金属是填埋场土壤中的主要污染物,区域所有采样点的内梅罗综合污染指数平均值为2. 20,说明土壤受中度重金属污染; Cr(Ⅵ)是填埋场地下水的主要污染物,所有采样点的综合污染指数平均值为0. 89,说明地下水总体处于警戒线等级;致癌健康风险值在2. 32×10~(-4)～1. 69×10~(-3)/a之间,是国际委员会推荐值的4. 64～33. 8倍,致癌风险水平为Cr(Ⅵ)NiAsCd;非致癌健康风险值在2. 54×10~(-10)～9. 72×10~(-9)/a之间,致癌类重金属的个人年健康风险值是非致癌类重金属的10~5～10~6倍,说明该区域的致癌风险极大,应引起重视。     

准好氧填埋场作业台阶温室气体CO_2的释放通量研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了河北省某准好氧填埋场作业台阶表面的温室气体CO2释放通量,分析了填埋时期和导气管距离对CO2释放通量的影响。结果表明:导气管附近区域表面的CO2释放量较大,且不同区域的CO2释放通量存在明显差异(最大值和最小值分别278.6和12.5 g/(m2.d);同一区域上午、中午和下午的CO2释放通量差异相对较小,但中午和下午高于上午。同时,填埋4、8、12和16个月区域的CO2平均释放通量分别为56.9,70.0,110.2和47.0 g/(m2.d),即CO2的释放通量随着填埋龄的增加呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,并在填埋12个月达到CO2释放通量的最大值。此外,各填埋区作业台阶表面CO2释放通量随着距离导气管距离的增加呈指数函数递减的趋势。     

垃圾填埋场填埋气产生与迁移计算机模拟

准确预测填埋场内填埋气随时间和空间的变化规律,对填埋场的管理和填埋气的合理应用具有重要作用.以多孔介质流体动力学理论为基础,构建了填埋场中气体迁移转化过程三维模型.应用有限单元法和迭代法对模型的非线性方程组进行了求解,计算了填埋场中气体的压力分布情况.结果表明,填埋初期气压随深度和时间的增加而增加;而后气压随时间增加逐渐减小.     

Odour from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills: a study on the analysis of perception

The objective of this work was to develop a relationship between odour intensity and odour concentration by using data collected from various sensitive areas of the municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill site. A number of well-known psychophysical models (e.g., Weber-Fechner law, Steven's power law, Beidler's and Laffort's models) have been discussed that can successfully relate the perceived intensity with the odour concentration. Respective parameters for each of the models were estimated by the nonlinear Levenburg-Marquardt parameter estimation method. The overall performance of the model was tested statistically against sets of data from the olfactometry analysis. The model based on the Weber-Fechner law was ranked 1 in case of five out of nine samples and it has been found more representative of the less intense odour samples. The model based on Laffort's equation has represented the intensity-concentration relationship better with extremely low uncertainties on both parameters k1 and k2 for comparatively more intense odour samples.     

填埋场内部水分运移数学模型研究进展

填埋场内部水分运移对渗滤液的水质和产生速率有重要影响。对于生物反应器填埋场。控制填埋场内部的水分分布是研究的关键之一。综述了填埋场内部水分运移数学模型的研究进展。指出了目前模型中存在的问题和今后研究的方向。