一种新型流管反应器的设计与表征

介绍了一种用于气溶胶生成机制研究的流管反应器（Jiao-FTR,J-FTR）的设计及表征.借助计算流体力学（CFD）模拟和实验测定,表征了不同进气结构和实验条件下反应器内流场的发展及稳定,移动进气管的喷射效应以及气体和颗粒物在反应器内的平均停留时间.结果表明,预混合段进气方式,主流流量,移动进气管结构及注入流量对J-FTR的流场发展以及气体和颗粒物的停留时间具有较大影响;J-FTR的预混合进气段具有使主流快速过渡为层流的优势,在对称进气条件下,当主流流量不超过8L/min,气流在进入主反应段之前可发展为稳定的层流;当移动进气管使用大内径的直管或径面十字型结构时,可以有效减小或避免移动进气管的喷射效应.以上结果不仅可为使用J-FTR开展大气化学和气溶胶生成机制研究提供重要的实验指导,也可为其他研究者设计FTR,进行流管实验提供借鉴.     

景观格局类型对热岛效应的影响——以福州市中心城区为例

以“火炉”城市之一福州市为例,运用RS与GIS技术、半变异函数分析等方法,以2009年、2018年Landsat TM/OLI系列影像为数据源,从城市尺度分析了景观格局与城市热岛的关系,从景观格局特征尺度分析了景观格局类型对热岛效应的影响.结果表明：从2009年、2018年9个景观格局指数计算结果显示福州市中心城区景观格局破碎化程度增加;2009年与2018年的景观格局特征尺度分别为3600m,2500m,表明后者的景观格局更为丰富;虽然主城区的热岛效应得到了一定缓解,但城市热岛的范围逐渐扩大,八个新城分别成为了新的热岛中心;不同景观格局类型的热岛效应的严重情况依次为：纯人工本底格局 > 人工本底的散布格局 > 人工本底的指状、网络格局 > 自然本底的指状、网络格局 > 自然本底的散布格局 > 纯自然本底格局.研究以期通过细化景观格局研究尺度,为具有热岛降温作用的景观格局提出优化的方向.     

A Review of Habitat Connectivity Research for Pacific Salmon in Marine,Estuary, and Freshwater Environments

Long‐term conservation planning for diadromous fishes would benefit from a better understanding of both the role of connectivity among environments and habitat variability in the expression of life‐history diversity. Most of the scientific knowledge on habitat fragmentation and connectivity has been developed in terrestrial systems in the discipline of landscape ecology. Research on habitat connectivity in aquatic systems (e.g., salmonid research that spans the spectrum of habitats from freshwater to the sea) is uncommon and largely focused on barriers to fish passage. Here, we present a review of the literature characterizing current research patterns on habitat connectivity within and among environments for Pacific salmon. We found this topic is still incipient: the literature is dominated by studies of freshwaters, with few articles focusing on habitat needs in estuary and marine systems. Pan‐environment studies are rare, pointing to a gap in our understanding of complex habitat relationships that might be significant in the development of long‐term conservation and restoration plans for Pacific salmon, particularly in light of the potential impact of climate change.     

Impact of climate change on food security of small islands: The case of Mauritius

This paper studies the implications of high food prices resulting from climate change on food security in small islands, using Mauritius as a case‐study. Climate change may adversely impact prices of agricultural commodities. The study derives and calculates the government costs and the welfare effects of an increase in the world price of rice on consumers in Mauritius. Using an equilibrium displacement model, this study finds that an increase in the price of rice by 35%, as predicted by the literature on climate change and rice prices, will result in an increase of 28.8% in government spending, representing the additional outlays to support the subsidy scheme for food security. Using 2012 as the baseline, the welfare analysis results suggest that consumer surplus for ration rice consumers increases by 626 million Mauritian Rupees (MUR) or US$18 million while consumer surplus decreases by MUR454 million (US$13 million) for basmati rice consumers.     

城市湿地景观的生态设计

以武汉后湖某湿地生态修复工程为例,介绍了城市湿地景观生态设计的应用。提出了"治污、生态、景观"综合考虑的生态设计理念,着重分析了从污染源控制、生态植被的恢复以及滨水景观的营造等方面实施湿地生态修复的方法与实践。     

近50年中国温带地区不同景观带气温变化对比研究

运用线性趋势分析、气候倾向率分析和Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法对中国1962年-2011年温带地区不同景观带气温数据进行分析,研究温带地区不同景观带气温变化趋势以及气温突变状况,分析气温变化的异同。研究结果表明：近50年中国温带地区森林、草原、荒漠三个景观带的年平均气温、四季气温、年平均最高、最低气温都呈现显著增加的趋势,且均存在突变现象,虽然同属温带地区,但是气温增长速率及突变时间存在差异。温带草原带和温带森林带是气候变化的敏感区。     

抗生素与重金属复合污染的生态毒理效应研究进展

随着越来越多的污染物进入环境,复合污染已经成为各类环境介质中普遍存在的现象,也是当前环境污染研究的重点方向之一。抗生素和重金属在环境中均具有持久性和毒性,且都对生态环境产生潜在长期的危害。重点论述了抗生素与重金属复合污染的生态毒理效应,以期为今后探索抗生素与重金属复合污染环境风险评价和污染治理提供一定参考,并对未来该领域需要进一步研究的问题和方向进行了展望。     

Sustainable development of building of extensive roof greening in Taiwan

Taiwan government specifies that the average roof thermal transmittance must be less than 0.8 (w/(m²·k)) for the design of all residential buildings in order to implement the policy of saving energy. However, self-disciplined architects practice the design of aesthetic roof to blend in with green landscape so that they urgently expect the academia to provide roof greening technical information to support their idea of designing green roofs for residential buildings. In this research, a single-family housing unit is used for investigating the possibility of applying extensive roof greening to achieve building sustainable development. The experiment tasks focused on the soil denudation caused by rainwater washing and replenishing the soil carbon by irrigating the soil with gray water. Using tap water to irrigate the green roof for 12, 16, and 14 weeks causes nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium, respectively, to be reduced to less than the original levels, respectively. Applying gray water to irrigate the green roof soil will raise the soil fertility by improving nitrogen and phosphate but not obvious for potassium.     

Landscape Hydrogeology and its Influence on Patterns of Groundwater Flux and Nitrate Removal Efficiency in Riparian Buffers

This study uses data from 46 riparian sites to examine the influence of landscape hydrogeology on patterns of groundwater flux and the buffer width required for effective nitrate removal in humid temperate agricultural regions. There is a considerable imbalance in the research focus on different hydrogeologic settings. More than 40% of the buffers are located in landscapes with surficial sand aquifers, whereas few buffers have been studied in glacial till and weathered bedrock landscapes which cover large areas. Annual groundwater fluxes for 29 of these sites ranged from <20 L/m/day for buffers on flat sand plains and uplands with fine‐textured deposits to 50‐1,200 L/m/day for many sites with upland sand aquifers. Despite a similar range of water fluxes, buffers in gently to moderately sloping landscapes with <4 m depths of sand sediments reached a 90% removal efficiency within 30‐60 m while sites with >4 m depths required a 150‐200 m width. The width for 90% efficiency in buffers with loamy sand and sandy loam sediments also increased from 10‐20 m with <4 m sediment depths to 50‐100 m for >4 m depths. Limited data for buffers with fine‐textured sediments suggest that 90% of the nitrate flux was often depleted in a 10‐20 m width. Groundwater flux did not have a significant relationship with nitrate removal percent per meter buffer width because of the variation in efficiency that occurred in buffers with similar fluxes in different hydrogeologic settings.     

Implementation of failure modes and effects analysis in detergent production companies: A case study

Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is the most important method used by production companies to identify potential risks regarding occupational and health hazards and environmental hazards. This method is also useful in defining preventive actions to reduce the effects of these risks. Detergent production companies continually encounter many occupational and health hazards and environmental hazards, the management and reduction of which requires complex assessment in real‐world applications. This paper presents a framework for application of FMEA for managing and ranking identified risks in detergent production companies. A case study is presented to show the application of an FMEA to investigate the results of its application and the outcomes from the analysis. A risk priority number (RPN) is proposed for each distinct risk. The application of FMEA in the detergent production company resulted in grouping the RPN of the identified risks into four different categories. The main corrective actions, which are determined to reduce the RPNs, are presented in this paper. Improving the RPN of the main risks is observed after executing the corrective actions.