Characterisation of HTO diffusion properties by an in situ tracer experiment in Opalinus clay at Mont Terri

A long-term single borehole diffusion experiment using tritiated water as tracer was carried out in Opalinus clay, an argillaceous rock formation that is accessible at the Mont Terri Underground Research Laboratory, situated in the Swiss Jura. The tracer was diluted in reconstituted formation water and introduced into a packed-off section of a borehole located in saturated rock. Pressure in this interval was maintained equal to the pore pressure of the surrounding rock in order to prevent any hydraulic gradient around the borehole and to avoid advective transport processes. The evolution of the tracer concentration in the injection system was monitored over time. After 1 year of diffusion, the claystone surrounding the interval was retrieved by overcoring the whole borehole and packer system, and by an adjacent oblique borehole. Compressed air was used as drilling fluid to reduce rock disturbances. The recovered overcore was sampled along profiles perpendicular to the borehole wall with a view to determining the tracer-concentration profiles in the rock. To avoid further evaporation of tritiated water, subsamples were immediately transferred into polyethylene bottles and disaggregated by adding a known amount of tracer-free water. Fifteen profiles were determined and showed a decreasing tracer concentration with distance into the rock. The pore-water contents were constant along those profiles, confirming that only very little water was lost during overcoring operations. The evolution of tritium-tracer concentration in the injection system over time and in situ profiles were interpreted with a 3-D numerical simulation of the experiment. That allowed for the identification of the transport parameters (orthotropic diffusion tensor and porosity) by minimising the relative quadratic error between the experimental and simulated data. The fitting is good and the results are consistent with data obtained on drill-core samples. The result of tritiated water is discussed regarding (1) the potential effect of mechanical and/or chemical disturbances around the injection borehole and (2) the specific behaviour of tritiated water.     

城市湿地景观水体富营养化评价、机理及治理

针对再生水回用的景观水体容易发生富营养化的问题,分别以再生水和径流雨水为主要补水水源的某城市湿地不同区域景观水体为研究对象,通过水体TN、TP、COD、SS、Chla、DO等水质指标检测分析,研究了污染物的空间变化和季节变化规律,评价了湿地水体富营养化程度并探讨其机理。结果表明,以再生水为主要补水水源的湿地水体全部呈现中度富营养,而以径流雨水为主要补水水源的湿地水体则整体呈现中营养。湿地生态系统对再生水输入的高浓度氮磷污染物有一定的净化效果,但净化效率有限且受季节因素影响明显,藻类的季节性增殖引起水体中TN、TP浓度降低、SS降低、透明度下降和COD浓度升高,高浓度氮磷营养盐输入是湿地水体藻类增殖并呈现富营养化的主要原因。提出了再生水补水的水质和水量控制、景观水体健康生态系统的构建和水体长期的维护管理是综合治理水体富营养化的有效对策。     

小型景观水体中病原微生物的分布特性

为了研究病原微生物在景观水体中的分布特性,采用定量PCR方法,监测了校园景观湖水中指示微生物(粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌),病原性细菌(沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌)和病毒(肠道病毒、轮状病毒和诺如病毒)等典型肠道微生物的分布及变化情况.结果显示,粪大肠菌群未在景观水体中检出,而其他微生物均可检出,表明该水体未受到来自粪便源的污染,其他病原微生物来源于非粪便来源的面源污染.大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和肠道病毒的检出率(>50%)比其他病原微生物的高;细菌和病毒的浓度分别分布在10-2~101 copies/mL和100~102 copies/mL.统计学分析结果表明,各病原微生物的浓度均服从对数正态分布,大肠杆菌与沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌无显著相关性.而肠道病毒与轮状病毒和诺如病毒在0.05置信水平上显著相关,相关系数分别为0.744和0.609.进一步分析病原微生物在景观水体中一年的变化,结果表明,随着降雨的汇入病原微生物的浓度明显增大,在高温和日光照射可致使病原微生物检出率和浓度明显降低.     

The effect of vent ducts on the reduced explosion pressures of vented dust explosions

An investigation into the effects of vent ducts on reduced explosion pressures is described. Experiments were made using an 18.5m³ explosion vessel and a modified 20 1 sphere, with dusts having K_st values ranging from 144 bar ms⁻¹ to 630 bar ms⁻¹. The vent area/vessel volume ratio bursting pressure of the vent cover, and the length to diameter ratio of the vent duct have been varied. Straight vent ducts, and ducts containing sharp 45° and 90° bends have been used.A simple model to describe the effect of vent ducts on the reduced explosion pressure has been derived and compared with the experimental results. Agreement is shown to be satisfactory in nearly all cases. A comparison between the experimental results and guidance on the effect of vent ducts already available in the literature is discussed.     

遥感在环境影响评价中的应用——以大清公路为例

本文以遥感为技术手段,利用ERl、ASⅢAGINE8.5和FRAGSTATS3.3软件针对项目区在景观总体格局和各类型斑块两个层次计算出十几种景观指数,对该区域的景观格局分布做出了较为全面的定量分析.结果表明:草地景观面积最大,斑块数最多,是评价区的基质.乔木林地在各项指数分析中均较低.文中探讨了遥感与地面调查的优缺点,得出结论:以遥感技术为手段,结合地面调查是评价区域生态环境的有效工具.     

微波/紫外处理城市污水回用于景观水的杀菌研究

针对目前城市污水处理厂污水回用作为城市景观水,存在细菌超标的问题,提出采用微波/紫外杀菌后做为城市景观水,研究表明微波功率越大,杀菌效果越好,但功率达到450W时,再增加微波功率杀菌效果增加不明显。在微波功率一定的情况下,紫外灯根数越多,吸收的微波总能量越大,杀菌效果越好。但随着无极紫外灯根数的增加,每根灯管吸收的微波能量相对越少,就不能将其很好地激发,且会增加成本。因此,在实际应用中应根据实际情况确定紫外灯根数。     

湖南大地景观安全规划及生态学效益分析——沿河两岸分级截流分散蓄水的治水模式

针对湖南近年来频繁发生严重水、旱灾害的实际，从综合分析湖南地质环境和水系现状入手，结合目前农村产业结构调整的方向和未来城市化进程中发展生态旅游业的需要，以优化湖南整体生态环境为目标，从大地景观安全和可持续发展的角度提出了沿河两岸分级截流分散蓄水的治水模式，详细分析了由此可能产生的景观生态学效益。     

基于景观指数的新疆生产建设兵团生态环境变化

在遥感与地理信息系统技术支持下,以兵团2000、2005、2010年3期TM影像和HJ1A-CCD1影像为主要数据源,研究了兵团景观空间格局变化特征。结果表明,兵团景观类型从2000—2010年发生了较大变化,农田和城镇面积显著增加,草地、灌丛和冰川(永久积雪)显著减少。城镇景观受人为活动干扰强度最大。分析认为,人口和农业机械化是影响农田景观的主要驱动因素,经济发展和小城镇建设是影响城镇景观格局的主要因素,而政策导向是调节兵团景观格局变化的有效途径。     

System dynamics modelling of hybrid renewable energy systems and combined heating and power generator

The role of energy in the present world is critical in terms of both economical development and environmental impact. Renewable energy sources are considered essential in addressing these challenges. As a result, a growing number of organisations have been adopting hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to reduce their environmental impact and sometimes take advantage of various incentives. When a HRES is being planned, the ability to model a HRES can provide an organisation with numerous benefits including the capability of optimising sub-systems, predicting performances and carrying out sensitivity analysis. In this paper, we present a comprehensive system dynamics model of HRES and combined heating and power (CHP) generator. Data from a manufacturing company using HRES and CHP generator are used to validate the model and discuss important findings. The results illustrate that the components of a HRES can have conflicting effects on cost and environmental benefits; thus, there is a need for an organisation to make trade-off decisions. The model can be a platform to further simulate and study the composition and operating strategies of organisations that are venturing to adopt new or additional HRESs.     

Spatial assessment of sea level rise on Martinique’s coastal zone and analysis of planning frameworks for adaptation

Accelerated sea level rise and hurricanes are increasingly influencing human coastal activities. With respect to the projected continuation of accelerated sea level rise and global warming one must count with additional expenses for adaptation strategies along the coasts. On the mountainous island Martinique the majority of settlements are situated along the coast almost at sea level. But potential rises in sea level and its impacts are not addressed in coastal management, even though saltwater intrusion and coastal erosion with increasing offshore loss of sediment are locally already a severe problem. At a sea level rise of 50 cm, one fourth of Martinique’s coastline will be affected by erosion and one fifth of the islands surface will have high probability to get flooded during coastal hazards. This is a growth of 5% of the impact area in comparison to present conditions. This article analyses potential adaptation strategies and argues that the development of a coastal zone management plan considering sea level rise and its impact area is of utmost importance. Empirical assessment models in combination with spatial analysis are useful in obtaining statements about coastal impacts concerning sea level rise. This paper sees itself as recommendation of action not only for Martinique.