西南环境移民安置地的生态环境状况研究初报

以桂西北环江县肯福环境移民安置示范区为例,对我国西南喀斯特地区环境移民安置区的气候、地貌、土壤与植被等主要生态因子进行了调查研究和取样分析。研究表明,环境移民安置地由于地处亚热带季风气候区,具有气候温暖,雨量充沛,日照充足,且雨热同季的特点;地貌破碎,土地以坡地为主,但有一定量可开垦利用的土地;土壤主要为红壤,土壤剖面发育良好,土壤质地和结构尚可,有机质和氮含量相对丰富,但磷、钾缺乏,土壤酸度大;植被以先锋植物为主。     

Modelling concentrations of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in two UK rivers using LF2000-WQX

Current regulatory environmental exposure assessments for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D₅), used in a range of personal care products, are based on a number of erroneous assumptions. Using an estimated D₅ flux to waste water of 11.6 mg cap⁻¹ d⁻¹, a 95.2% removal rate in Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) and a dilution factor of 10 results in modelled surface water concentrations that are up to an order of magnitude higher than concentrations observed downstream of STPs in two UK rivers. A GIS-based water quality model (LF2000-WQX) was used to predict concentrations of D₅ in two UK rivers. Assuming the STP removal rate is reasonable, a waste water flux of 2.4 mg cap⁻¹ d⁻¹ is needed in order to obtain a reasonable match between predicted and observed in-river concentrations. This flux is consistent with measured effluent concentrations. The results highlight major uncertainties in estimating chemical emission rates for volatile chemicals used in personal care products and suggest that measured concentrations in waste water are needed to refine exposure assessments.     

基于AHP和FSE的九华山风景区古树名木景观价值评价

以九华山风景区古树名木资源调查为基础,从古树名木的美学价值、生态价值和资源价值构建评判指标体系,运用层次分析法(AHP)和模糊综合评价(FSE)对景区内古树名木景观价值进行了评价。结果表明:对古树名木景观价值影响较大因素依次为姿态、传说趣闻、色彩、季相变化等。九华山风景区现有449株古树名木中,属于极高等级的古树名木有14株,占总数的3.12%;属于高等级的古树名木有84株,占总数的18.71%;而属于一般、差和很差等级的古树名木分别占总数的48.33%、27.39%和2.45%。古树名木景观价值高的树种为银杏、黄山松、桂花、浙江柿、黑壳楠、三角枫、香果树和红果山胡椒,而景点则有太白书堂、通慧寺和甘露寺。     

Socioeconomic Dimensions of Changes in the Agricultural Landscape of the Mediterranean Basin: A Case Study of the Abandonment of Cultivation Terraces on Nisyros Island,Greece

Agricultural landscapes illustrate the impact of human actions on physical settings, and differential human pressures cause these landscapes to change with time. Our study explored changes in the terraced landscapes of Nisyros Island, Greece, focusing on the socioeconomic aspects during two time periods using field data, cadastral research, local documents, and published literature, as well as surveys of the islanders. Population increases during the late 19^th to early 20^th centuries marked a significant escalation of terrace and dry stone wall construction, which facilitated cultivation on 58.4% of the island. By the mid-20^th century, the economic collapse of agricultural activities and consequent emigration caused the abandonment of cultivated land and traditional management practices, dramatically reducing farm and field numbers. Terrace abandonment continued in recent decades, with increased livestock grazing becoming the main land management tool; as a result, both farm and pasture sizes increased. Neglect and changing land use has led to deterioration and destruction of many terraces on the island. We discuss the socioeconomic and political backgrounds responsible for the land-use change before World War II (annexation of Nisyros Island by the Ottoman Empire, Italy, and Greece; overseas migration opportunities; and world transportation changes) and after the war (social changes in peasant societies; worldwide changes in agricultural production practices). The adverse landscape changes documented for Nisyros Island appear to be inevitable for modern Mediterranean rural societies, including those on other islands in this region. The island’s unique terraced landscapes may qualify Nisyros to become an archive or repository of old agricultural management techniques to be used by future generations and a living resource for sustainable management.     

环太湖景观生态格局变化研究--以苏州市吴中区为例

在RS和GIS支持下,通过对1984和2002年TM影像解译,分析了研究区景观格局动态变化,并利用逐步回归方法研究了景观变化的人文驱动力。结果表明,研究区景观发生剧烈变化,特别是耕地向水域、城镇用地和其它非农建设用地转变迅速,其中耕地的减少占土地利用总减少面积的79.3%,建设用地和水域的增加分别占土地利用总增加量的63.5%和36.5%。城镇、工矿等人文景观斑块面积增大,并趋向集中;林地与耕地等自然、半自然景观类型斑块破碎度增加,分布趋于分散;耕地与城镇景观类型的斑块形状日趋复杂;耕地的突出优势变小,整体景观异质性程度上升。受区位和地形的影响,在苏州城区附近和东部平原区耕地流失强度较大,18年耕地重心向西南方向偏移了4.74 km。景观变化的人文驱动因素是人口增加、基本建设投资扩大、大量外资涌入和以旅游业为主的第三产业增长。     

湖南永吉高速公路建设的景观格局影响评价

利用遥感（RS）、全球定位系统（GPS）与地理信息系统技术（GIS）,对湖南省永吉高速公路沿线建设前后的景观进行分类和制图,结合景观结构分析软件Fragstats33和景观生态学方法,从斑块和景观两个层次上研究高速公路建设前后景观格局的变化。结果表明：（1）斑块层次指数中,沿线除公路用地外各景观类型的面积均有所减少,257%的土地转换为公路用地,其中旱地面积减少最多,但是公路建设前后没有改变该区域的优势斑块类型;（2）景观层次指数中,斑块数目和斑块密度的增加与最大斑块指数的减少,都表明景观异质性增加;（3）不同缓冲区分析结果表明：高速公路建设对景观格局的干扰突出表现在距公路较近的500 m缓冲区内。本研究方法在未来路网规划与环境影响评价中具有一定应用前景     

中尺度流域的景观格局分析--以湖北四湖流域为例

以湖北四湖流域为中尺度流域的代表，对流域九种景观类型657个斑块的形状、6种景观类型分离程度、四个分区及全流域的景观异质性进行了分析。结果表明：斑块伸长指数和形状系数是完全相关的，它们与周长／面积各自表达着形状复杂性的不同方面，有必要对其进行综合评价；四湖流域的不同类型的景观斑块形状有较大差异，分区间的斑块形状差异较小；湿地类型的斑块形状趋于简单，其中湖泊斑块形状员简单，非湿地类型的斑块形状趋于复杂，又以林地类型为员。这表明本地区的湿地，特别是湖泊，受到了更大的人类活动影响；湖泊斑块的分布最集中，居民点斑块的分布员分散，这不利于控制流域内的洪涝灾害；从流域的上游到下游，景观多样性和均匀度呈增加的趋势，景观破碎化程度呈下降趋势，这种景观异质性的空间差异反映了流域空间开发历史的长短和人类活动强度的差异。     

喀斯特高原山区的景观格局变化垂直分异性——以贵州省普定后寨地下河流域中下游为例

利用多时相多数据源遥感影像数据(航片、TM影像及SPOT-5影像),采用GIS空间分析技术和数理统计分析相结合的方法,以贵州省普定县后寨地下河流域中下游地区为例,从海拔和坡位2个方面来探讨喀斯特地区的景观格局变化的垂直分异特征.结果表明:林地斑块在海拔范围为1 300～1 350 m及1 450～1 550 m的区域内,变化是最大的;水田和旱地斑块在海拔范围为1 219～1 300 m及1 350～1 450 m的区域内,变化最大.景观格局在山脊和谷底内变化相对较大,其中变化最大的是林地斑块;景观格局在陡坡和缓坡地区的变化相对较小,但是也存在一定的变化.该区域中变化较大的为水田和旱地斑块.在海拔范围为1 300～1 500 m的山脊和谷底区域内,景观斑块类型发生的变化较大.该区域应作为喀斯特高原山区的生态环境保护特别关注的区域.     

公路建设项目景观视觉影响评价的方法研究

公路建设的景观视觉影响及其保护措施,是我国公路建设中环境保护的热点问题之一。本文在国内外相关研究的基础上,以青藏公路改建工程为例,采用矩阵分析的方法,从景观美学质量评价、视觉敏感度分析、工程活动影响等景观视觉影响要素出发,划分了青藏公路沿线的景观保护级别,建立起青藏公路景观视觉影响评价方法,并以公路施工建设中具有代表性的取土场为例,结合视觉冲击强度分级,进行了相关的景观视觉影响评价。     

Modelling built-up land take in Europe to 2020: an assessment of the Resource Efficiency Roadmap measure on land

Land taken by artificial surfaces has an impact on the quality of life and ecosystems. To reduce possible negative impacts of land take, the European Commission proposed setting a milestone objective for 2020 in terms of future rates of land take.

This paper describes a methodology to model the impacts of the 2020 land-take milestone proposed in the RERM in the European Union 27 MS. An integrated modelling framework was configured to assess the spatial impact of two land-take scenarios: a ‘Reference’ scenario, which is driven by demographic and economic trends, and a ‘Target 0’ scenario that follows the 2020 land-take milestone proposed in the RERM. We conclude that the implementation of the 2020 land-take milestone, by reducing future land take in Europe, will foster more efficient use of land (less land taken for the same activity levels) and minimise negative impacts on non-artificial land uses.