城市边缘区乡村景观生态特征与景观生态建设探讨

城市边缘区是城市和乡村的交错结合带，是城市发展与资源环境保护之间矛盾冲突的区域．科学地规划好该区域的生态环境建设对城市和乡村和谐发展具有十分重要的现实意义。首先论述了城市边缘区乡村景观生态特征；分析了该区域乡村景观功能的科学定位问题．探讨了乡村景观生态建设的基本原则。在此基础上，作者提出了城市边缘区应重点开展以下几方面景观生态建设：①以景观生态规划与设计的理念推进城市边缘区乡村景观建设。并注重地方特色景观的保护；②积极探索城乡一体化协调发展与建设的合理模式，实现城市和乡村优势互补、协调发展；③改变传统的农业耕作模式，推动城郊型生态农业、观光农业和现代都市农业建设；④合理开发城市边缘区景观生态资源。发展城郊生态旅游；⑤绿色景观建设；⑥景观廊道和网络建设。     

基于景观格局演变的城市湿地景观生态规划途径

 综述城市湿地景观格局演变研究和城市湿地景观生态规划研究进展,认为城市湿地对城市可持续发展有重要意义,必须对其进行具有前瞻性的景观生态规划。分析景观过程和景观格局相互关系,结合目前城市湿地景观生态规划多流于现状的局限,提出基于景观格局演变的城市湿地景观生态规划途径,将城市湿地景观格局演变研究和城市湿地景观生态规划研究结合起来,使城市湿地景观生态规划包含时、空二维信息。该途径提出的目的是使城市湿地景观生态规划更具前瞻性,对城市可持续发展起到更大作用,并对构建城市湿地景观生态规划研究理论框架有积极意义。     

公路建设项目景观视觉影响评价的方法研究

公路建设的景观视觉影响及其保护措施,是我国公路建设中环境保护的热点问题之一。本文在国内外相关研究的基础上,以青藏公路改建工程为例,采用矩阵分析的方法,从景观美学质量评价、视觉敏感度分析、工程活动影响等景观视觉影响要素出发,划分了青藏公路沿线的景观保护级别,建立起青藏公路景观视觉影响评价方法,并以公路施工建设中具有代表性的取土场为例,结合视觉冲击强度分级,进行了相关的景观视觉影响评价。     

基于CMIP5模式数据渭河流域近200年来径流变化

基于CMIP5模式输出的1850—2005年渭河流域17个站点的径流模数数据,采用线性回归、变差系数、小波分析及Mann-Kendall检验方法,分析了渭河流域径流时空变化特征,探讨了径流变化的原因。结果表明：渭河流域径流的空间分布为西南高东北低,最大值位于渭源、武山区域,最小值位于下游支流的洛河区域。年径流表现出波动变化,1850—1896年、1929—1939年、1968—1984年径流呈上升趋势,1896—1929年、1939—1968年、1984—2005年呈下降趋势,年平均径流趋势率为?0.004 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1。春、夏、秋、冬径流趋势率分别为?0.002 L?(km²·s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1、0.022 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1、?0.033 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1、?0.004 L?(km²?s) ^?1?(10a) ^?1。渭河流域支流径流变率较大,干流变率较小,支流径流变率依次为北洛河＞石川河＞泾河＞漆水河＞千河＞葫芦河＞散渡河。年平均径流在1871年、1908年、1984年、1990年发生突变,而且具有4—6 a,8—10 a,15—20 a,25—35 a,85—95 a,110—120 a的显著周期。相关分析表明：气温、蒸发量与径流为反相关,降水与径流为正相关,土地利用及人类活动对径流也有一定影响。这些研究为认识过去长时期径流变化规律,以及渭河流域水生态环境管理提供了依据,对比较不同资料径流研究也提供了参考。     

长三角地区生态城镇化空间格局及影响因素

生态城镇化作为新型城镇化的重要组成部分,是生态文明理念的具体实践。以长三角地区41个城市为研究区域,构建区域生态城镇化指标体系,测度2000—2018年生态城镇化的发展水平,探究生态城镇化指数的时空演化特征及影响因素的作用机制。结果表明：（1）长三角地区生态城镇化水平整体呈上升趋势,高值区逐渐在浙江集聚,低值区在江苏北部和安徽北部集中,各城市生态城镇化指数差距逐渐缩小,区域生态一体化程度不断提高。（2）长三角地区生态城镇化水平的空间自相关性逐渐增强,其空间演化具有较强的变动性、依赖性和整合性,变动性自西至东逐渐减弱,依赖性自西北至东南逐渐增强。（3）财政投入水平、城乡收入差距、工业发展水平、土地投资强度、人口密集程度和科技发展水平对长三角地区生态城镇化水平的影响依次降低,在众多因素的综合作用下,各城市生态城镇化水平逐渐趋同。加强区域生态一体化建设,提高区域生态城镇化水平,是建设美丽中国的有效途径,也是实现区域高质量发展的必然选择。     

中国国土空间规划法律体系：问题检视与框架重构

通过对现行空间规划法律规范的体系性检视,发现由于立法策略、部门立法以及规划立法依附性等原因,其存在顶层立法付之阙如、外部结构冗杂扁平、内部规范碎片冲突等问题。遵循领域法、发展法以及体系化逻辑,国土空间规划立法应以现实问题与治理现代化为导向,在突破部门法壁垒的同时注重法制发展的接续性,力求实现国土空间规划法律体系的形式协调与价值融贯。构建国土空间规划法律体系,对内应确立国土空间规划法的基本法地位并辅之以配套立法,对外应注重与国土空间开发保护法等相关立法、国土空间政策与技术标准的衔接,最终构架起一个主轴明确、层次严密、差序有别的圆锥状国土空间规划法律体系。     

Frog occupancy of polluted wetlands in urban landscapes

Urban sprawl and the rising popularity of water-sensitive urban design of urban landscapes has led to a global surge in the number of wetlands constructed to collect and treat stormwater runoff in cities. However, contaminants, such as heavy metals and pesticides, in stormwater adversely affect the survival, growth, and reproduction of animals inhabiting these wetlands. A key question is whether wildlife can identify and avoid highly polluted wetlands. We investigated whether pond-breeding frogs are attempting to breed in wetlands that affect the fitness of their offspring across 67 urban wetlands in Melbourne, Australia. Frog species richness and the concentration of contaminants (heavy metals and pesticides) were not significantly related, even in the most polluted wetlands. The proportion of fringing vegetation at a wetland had the greatest positive influence on the number of frog species present and the probability of occurrence of individual species, indicating that frogs inhabited wetlands with abundant vegetation, regardless of their pollution status. These wetlands contained contaminant levels similar to urban wetlands around the world at levels that reduce larval amphibian survival. These results are, thus, likely generalizable to other areas, suggesting that urban managers could inadvertently be creating ecological traps in countless cities. Wetlands are important tools for the management of urban stormwater runoff, but their construction should not facilitate declines in wetland-dependent urban wildlife.     

Obstruction of biodiversity conservation by minimum patch size criteria

Minimum patch size criteria for habitat protection reflect the conservation principle that a single large (SL) patch of habitat has higher biodiversity than several small (SS) patches of the same total area (SL > SS). Nonetheless, this principle is often incorrect, and biodiversity conservation requires placing more emphasis on protection of large numbers of small patches (SS > SL). We used a global database reporting the abundances of species across hundreds of patches to assess the SL > SS principle in systems where small patches are much smaller than the typical minimum patch size criteria applied for biodiversity conservation (i.e., ∼85% of patches <100 ha). The 76 metacommunities we examined included 4401 species in 1190 patches. From each metacommunity, we resampled species–area accumulation curves to evaluate how biodiversity responded to habitat existing as a few large patches or as many small patches. Counter to the SL > SS principle and consistent with previous syntheses, species richness accumulated more rapidly when adding several small patches (45.2% SS > SL vs. 19.9% SL > SS) to reach the same cumulative area, even for the very small patches in our data set. Responses of taxa to habitat fragmentation differed, which suggests that when a given total area of habitat is to be protected, overall biodiversity conservation will be most effective if that habitat is composed of as many small patches as possible, plus a few large ones. Because minimum patch size criteria often require larger patches than the small patches we examined, our results suggest that such criteria hinder efforts to protect biodiversity.     

Impact of perceptual countermeasures on driving behavior at curves using driving simulator

Objective: The probability of crash occurrence on horizontal curves is 1.5 to 4 times higher than that on tangent sections. A majority of these crashes are associated with human errors. Therefore, human behavior in curves needs to be corrected.

Methodology: In this study, 2 different road marking treatments, optical circles and herringbone patterns, were used to influence driver behavior while entering a curve on a 2-lane rural road section. A driving simulator was used to perform the experiment. The simulated road sections are replicas of 2 real road sections in Flanders.

Results: Both treatments were found to reduce speed before entering the curve. However, speed reduction was more gradual when optical circles were used. A herringbone pattern had more influence on lateral position than optical circles by forcing drivers to maintain a safe distance from opposing traffic in the adjacent lane.

Conclusion: The study concluded that among other low-cost speed reduction methods, optical circles are effective tools to reduce speed and increase drivers’ attention. Moreover, a herringbone pattern can be used to reduce crashes on curves, mainly for head-on crashes where the main problem is inappropriate lateral position.     

成灌铁路声屏障景观设计探讨

随着高速铁路迅猛发展,铁路噪声控制措施的景观性要求越来越高;本文通过成灌铁路声屏障设计,探讨以景观设计的理念设计满足功能要求的降噪措施,将人文景观、生态环境、工程特征融为一体。