含溴水源水臭氧处理时溴酸盐的产生与控制

针对南方某含溴水库水(溴离子浓度15～38μg·L-1),利用连续运行实验装置研究了臭氧氧化时溴酸盐的产生条件,同时初步考察了后续生物活性炭(BAC)对溴酸盐的去除效果.研究结果表明,单独采用预臭氧方式时,在臭氧消耗量控制为2.0mg·L-1以内的条件下,溴酸离子浓度低于6 μg·L-1;而采用预臭氧与后臭氧联合处理时,在总臭氧消耗量为2.0mg·L-1的条件下,出现了溴酸离子超标(10μg·L-1)情况.长期运行结果表明,尽管新炭对溴酸离子没有去除效果,但系统连续运行3个月后,BAC上的微生物对溴酸盐具有一定的去除能力.     

基于多因子指数集成的流域面源污染风险研究

为掌握流域面源污染风险的整体趋势,基于风险评价时,单个因子对系统某种风险的贡献率可能大于1且因子对系统风险贡献呈一定结构性的问题,定义了风险标准值的概念和算法,建立了系统风险多因子集成评价方法,并在地理信息系统支持下对泸沽湖流域进行了案例研究.结果表明,泸沽湖流域面源污染流失风险处于较高的水平;系统风险多因子集成评价法在对多个同类系统间进行比较时,具有较大的优势;该方法可以与其他多种方法相结合对系统属性进行全面综合评价.     

溴酸盐对水生生物的急性毒性效应

采用标准毒性测试方法,分析了溴酸钾、溴酸钠、溴化钾对水生生态系统中不同营养级生物包括发光菌、绿藻、水蚤、斑马鱼的急性毒性效应.结果表明,3种污染物对发光菌发光强度几乎没有影响,溴酸钾对斜生栅藻的96 h EC50为738.18mg·L-1;对大型蚤和裸腹蚤的48 h EC50分别为154.01 mg·L-1和161.80 mg·L-1,48 h LC50分别为198.52 mg·L-1和175.68mg·L-1;对斑马鱼的96 h LC50为931.4 mg·L-1.溴酸钠对斜生栅藻的96 h EC50为540.26 mg·L-1;对大型蚤和裸腹蚤的48 h EC50分别为127.90 mg·L-1和111.07 mg·L-1,48 h LC50分别为161.80 mg·L-1和123.47 mg·L-1;对斑马鱼的96 h LC50为1 065.6 mg·L-1.而溴化钾对以上几种受试生物的影响远小于溴酸钾和溴酸钠的影响,对比可知引起受试生物产生毒性效应的原因是由溴酸盐引起的.毒性作用规律显示,随着暴露时间的增加,溴酸盐的毒性效应越明显,受试生物对溴酸盐的毒性效应的敏感顺序为:大型蚤、裸腹蚤斜生栅藻斑马鱼普通小球藻、发光菌.     

基于WebGIS三峡干流水质模拟平台研究

三峡蓄水成库后仍属于典型的河道型水库,其总体水流、水质运动特性符合一维水流水质运动规律。针对三峡库区总体水流、水质运动特性,采用一维水流水质模型对三峡库区水流和水质进行了模拟。以该模型为核心,利用Web Services技术开发并在互联网上发布了模型服务,在此基础上采用成熟的WebGIS和富客户端Flex等技术构建了适用于三峡库区的干流水质模拟平台;能够实现包括各计算断面流速、流量、水位以及污染物浓度时空过程在内的三峡库区干流流速场和浓度场的数值模拟。以库区干流清溪场至十里铺断面内的江段作为模拟实例,利用该平台模拟计算江段内水流和水质状况,并以水文水质同步观测数据对模拟结果进行验证,结果表明其具有较好的模拟效果;为三峡库区污染物总体输移扩散特性研究提供了有利工具,同时也为国家和地方政府进行库区水环境决策提供了技术支持     

季节性Kendall检验分析湘江长沙段水质变化趋势

季节性Kendall检验是一种广泛应用于河流水质变化趋势分析的非参数检验。以湘江长沙段三汊矶断面2001—2011年水质监测结果为样本,运用季节性Kendall检验分析湘江长沙段水质变化趋势及影响因素,结果表明:氨氮浓度呈显著上升趋势,总磷浓度呈高度显著上升趋势,总镉、总砷浓度呈高度显著下降趋势,湘江长沙段水质主要受城市生活、工业和农业面源污染物排放的影响,河水流量对水质的影响相对较小。     

藻华聚集的环境效应:对漂浮植物水葫芦光合作用的影响

利用适应性强、生物量大的水生植物来净化污染水体,已成为目前水体生态修复的一种快捷有效的方法.然而,在夏季蓝藻水华严重聚集的水体,藻华聚集后对水生植物的生理生态影响及其环境效应,尚缺乏系统研究.本研究以水葫芦为代表,模拟在高温阶段(水温WT25℃)、水华严重聚集时,对水葫芦的光合作用的影响进行研究,以揭示蓝藻水华聚集后造成的浅水生态系统中水生植物消亡的深层机制,并为减轻藻华聚集对水生植物的不良影响、充分发挥水生植物的水体净化功能提供理论依据.结果表明,藻华聚集会很快消耗掉水生植物根区内的溶氧,呈现缺氧状态(DO0.2 mg·L-1);植物根区内ORP出现明显下降现象,实验进行1 d后低于-100 m V,实验结束时达-200 m V,水体呈现强还原环境.与对照相比,根区内p H值低0.7个单位.藻华细胞在死亡、分解后释放大量的无机营养盐于水体中,植物根区内的NH+4-N含量比对照实验中高102倍;较高的NH+4-N含量(平均为45.6 mg·L-1)加之缺氧的协迫作用,导致植物机体受到破坏,植物的光合作用能力严重下降.叶片的平均净光合速率仅为对照的0.6倍,实验结束时其光合速率Pn为3.96μmol·(m2·s)-1,而同期对照实验的叶片净光合速率Pn为22.0μmol·(m2·s)-1;叶片蒸腾速率仅为对照的0.55倍,至实验结束时其蒸腾速率为1.38 mmol·(m2·s)-1,同期对照实验的叶片蒸腾速率为7.61 mmol·(m2·s)-1,表明藻华长期的聚集对植物产生了不可逆的伤害作用.在实际生产中,要避免蓝藻的严重堆积和快速消亡,以减轻藻华暴发对植物的伤害,充分发挥植物的水体净化功能.     

Experimental study on the synergistic inhibition effect of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist on gas explosion in a vented duct

In this study, in order to research the synergistic inhibition effect of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist on gas explosion in a vented duct, a semi-confined transparent chamber was designed with the size of 120 × 120 × 840 mm, and the experiments were carried out with stoichiometric methane/air premixed mixture (fraction of methane: 9.5%), adding different fractions of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist. The experimental results showed the following: The combination of nitrogen and ultrafine water mist had a synergistic inhibiting effect on methane/air explosion, which was preferable to the single use of any kind. With the increase of spraying time of water mist and fraction of nitrogen, the initial shape of the explosion flame became snakelike, and at the same time the peak flame propagation speed and peak overpressure decreased significantly. When the nitrogen fraction was increased to 10% and the mist spraying time was increased to 2min, synergistic inhibiting effect on overpressure was high efficient. However, with the increase of spraying time of water mist and fraction of nitrogen going on, the amount of increase of explosion inhibition efficiency was gradually reduced.     

Defining and Evaluating the Umbrella Species Concept for Conserving and Restoring Landscape Connectivity

Conserving or restoring landscape connectivity between patches of breeding habitat is a common strategy to protect threatened species from habitat fragmentation. By managing connectivity for some species, usually charismatic vertebrates, it is often assumed that these species will serve as conservation umbrellas for other species. We tested this assumption by developing a quantitative method to measure overlap in dispersal habitat of 3 threatened species—a bird (the umbrella), a butterfly, and a frog—inhabiting the same fragmented landscape. Dispersal habitat was determined with Circuitscape, which was parameterized with movement data collected for each species. Despite differences in natural history and breeding habitat, we found substantial overlap in the spatial distributions of areas important for dispersal of this suite of taxa. However, the intuitive umbrella species (the bird) did not have the highest overlap with other species in terms of the areas that supported connectivity. Nevertheless, we contend that when there are no irreconcilable differences between the dispersal habitats of species that cohabitate on the landscape, managing for umbrella species can help conserve or restore connectivity simultaneously for multiple threatened species with different habitat requirements. Definición y Evaluación del Concepto de Especie Paraguas para Conservar y Restaurar la Conectividad de Paisajes     

Quantifying forest fragmentation spatial process in the developing State of Selangor,peninsular Malaysia

Forest fragmentation has several phases; thus, the ecological significance of each phase during a particular period of time must be interpreted. To interpret, this study quantifies the magnitude of forest loss and the changes in the temporal pattern of fragmentation in the State of Selangor, peninsular Malaysia. Using the decision tree model of land transformation, five phases of forest fragmentation were identified: perforation, dissection, dissipation, shrinkage and attrition. This analysis showed that the magnitude of forest loss was the highest during the dissipation phase. The patchiness analysis showed that dissipation contributes to the highest environmental uncertainty found for the forest patches. This study can be considered a first step in the exploration of the properties and the behavioural pattern shown by the spatial process of forest fragmentation.     

宜昌市沮漳河流域当阳段水环境现状调查与评价

对宜昌市沮漳河流域当阳段的水环境进行了调查和评价。通过区域自然环境、社会经济发展、水体功能区、水环境容量等分析以及多个断面数据的监测,表明沮漳河流域当阳段水环境质量不能满足Ⅲ类水体功能区要求,主要超标因子为高锰酸盐指数、NHrN、BOD5、TP、石油类,主要受沿岸工业废水、生活污水及农业面源污染所致。