流动沙丘上生态垫防风固沙效果初步评价

北京及其周边地区分布的大量裸露沙荒地是北京近年来沙尘暴频发的主要沙源之一,而增加其地表覆盖状况则是遏止就地扬沙起尘的有效措施之一。以北京西北部河北宣化黄羊滩为例,对流动沙丘上铺设生态垫并栽植灌木的防风固沙效果进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,与沙柳沙障相比,生态垫确实可以降低近地表的输沙率,提高生态垫下土壤的养分含量,一定程度上提高柠条的地径和高度,可见生态垫是一种很好的促进流沙固定和植被恢复的地表覆盖材料;与其它两种生态垫铺设方式(品字状和带状)相比,全铺可以显著降低近地表的输沙率,提高其下土壤的养分含量,但柠条的生长状况却略差,这可能与全铺降低了小雨入渗的可能性有关;就两种部分铺设的方式而言,无论从降低近地表的输沙率还是促进柠条的生长上来看,品字状都明显优于带状。从生态和经济的角度综合考虑,品字状铺设显然是该区域流沙防治措施中较好的选择。     

Environmental variability and allocation trade-offs maintain species diversity in a process-based model of succulent plant communities

Ecological theory suggests that environmental variability can promote coexistence, provided that species occupy differential niches. In this study, we focus on two questions: (1) Do allocation trade-offs provide a sufficient basis for niche differentiation in succulent plant communities? (2) What is the relative importance of different forms of environmental variability on species diversity and community composition? We approach these questions with a generic, individual-based simulation model. In our model, plants compete for water in a spatially explicit environment. Species differ in their size at maturity and in the allocation of carbon to roots, leaves and storage tissue. The model was fully specified with independent literature data. Model output was compared to characteristics of a species-rich community in the semi-arid Richtersveld (South Africa). The model reproduced the coexistence of plants with different sizes at maturity, the dominance of succulent shrubs, and the level of vegetation cover. We analyzed the effects of three forms of environmental variability: (a) temporal fluctuations in precipitation (rain and fog), (b) spatial heterogeneity of water supply due to run-on and run-off processes and (c) ‘rock pockets’ that limit root competition in space. The three types of variability had differential effects on diversity: diversity exhibited a strong hump-shaped response to temporal variation. Spatial variability increased diversity, with the strongest increase occurring at intermediate levels of temporal variability. Finally, rock pockets had the weakest effect, but contributed to diversity by providing refuges for small species, particularly at low temporal variability. The model thus shows that spatio-temporal variation of resource supply can maintain diversity over long time scales even in small systems, as is the case in the Richtersveld succulent communities. Trade-offs in allocation provide the basis for necessary niche differentiation. By describing resource competition between individual plants, our model provides a mechanistic basis for the link from species traits to community composition at given environmental conditions. It thereby contributes to an understanding of the forces shaping plant communities. Such an understanding is critical to reduce the threats environmental change poses to biodiversity and ecosystem services.     

WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT BY VEGETATION MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Vegetation management aimed at increasing the amount of usable water yield from precipitation falling on upstream watersheds may be one alternative for supplementing water supplies. Indications are that water yields can be increased within a multiple-use framework, which can benefit or at least be compatible with other natural resource objectives. Through changes in vegetation on a watershed, it is possible to reduce evaporation losses only slightly but significantly increase streamflow runoff. In an assessment of potentials for water yield improvement in Arizona, experimental studies on various vegetation zones are reviewed. Because of either limited acreage or limited rainfall, the alpine, grassland, aspen, and desert shrub vegetation zones are not realistic management areas for Arizona. Furthermore, manipulation of pinyon-juniper woodlands does not appear promising at this time. Conversion of chaparral to grasses and forbs does appear to be a possible treatment for water yield improvement, as well as various silvicultural treatments of mixed conifer and ponderosa pine forests. Streamflow increases are given for experiments in chaparral, mixed conifer, and ponderosa pine vegetation zones. However, complete information on possible constraints for these zones is not currently available. Specific assessment of water yield management options for riparian vegetation is difficult to make, due to incomplete knowledge of water yield changes and other constraints for this vegetation zone. Prior to the final adoption of management practices, results of experimental work must be coupled with economic and social considerations.     

混凝土生态膜法污水处理工艺生物相及其水处理实验研究

研究了混凝土生态膜污水处理工艺的循环挂膜过程.综合考察了混凝土膜片表面生物膜的生长变化情况、细菌数量及其微型动物的组成演化.生物膜成熟以后,投加实际生活污水连续运行:COD的平均去除率为76.0%;BOD5平均去除率为94.9%,出水均小于8.00 mg/L;NH3-N的去处理效果明显,第5周达到54.1%,出水可达到广东省一级排放标准中的相关规定.     

江西省肝癌与岩石类型

利用岩石类型资料１０９２个数据，肝癌死亡调查资料１５４４例，研究了肝癌死亡率与人群生存区的岩石类型（岩浆岩、变质岩、碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩、红色碎屑岩、第四系松散岩）的相关性。在此基础上，综合评价了与肝癌有相关性的岩石类型对肝癌的产生和发展的影响。     

三种激光雷达监测污染物分布和输送对比

利用3种不同型号激光雷达在广州番禺大气成分观测站开展外场同步对比观测实验.通过全球地基气溶胶监测网（AERONET）气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品验证了3种激光雷达原始信号反演消光系数的可靠性.同时对比探讨了激光雷达低层反演能见度产品与能见度仪的相关性;对比美国国家环境预报中心全球同化系统模式（NCEP-GDAS）模拟结果讨论了激光雷达对混合层高度反演的有效性.最后利用个例分析揭示不同天气型下污染物可能的外源输送和本地积累.量化分析结果表明：3部激光雷达反演的能见度与能见度仪的相关系数均达到0.7以上,混合层高度均与NCEP-GDAS模式计算的混合层高度具有一定的可比性.与模拟结果相比,白天混合层高度在霾天气时相对较低,更能有效的揭示霾天气,亦可反映夜间间歇性湍流特性.应用分析表明：3部激光雷达均能较为一致的监测污染物的输送和本地的累积.外来输送主要以弱冷空气输送型为例,分析个例（2014年11月21~22日、24~25日）表明：后一过程（24~25日）由于夜间混合层高度（MLH）低,导致上层的粒子无法下传,污染物聚集在0.8km,且快速过境了,而前一过程（21~22日）整层输送,导致了近地层相对高的PM_2.5浓度;本地累积主要以冷高出海型为例（2014年11月25日20：00~27日20：00）,逆温与低的地表通风系数共同造成了前一时段（25日20：00~26日20：00）的消光明显高于后一时段（26日20：00~27日20：00）.     

2015年厄尔尼诺年东南亚主要国家活跃火发生类型与影响分析

2015年强厄尔尼诺引起东南亚干旱少雨与活跃火加剧,但目前有关活跃火时空特征、发生类型与强度及其对人口—社会经济影响仍分析不足。利用美国国家航空航天局火灾信息资源管理系统（FIRMS）VIIRS V1活跃火位置矢量产品,通过月际、地形、土地覆被类型等GIS分析确定东南亚主要国家活跃火主要类型,并评价各国活跃火对人口分布的影响范围与国别差异。结果表明：（1）东南亚2015年活跃火发生频次达81.40×10⁵次,中南半岛与马来群岛各占69.60%与30.40%,分别集中发生在2-4月与8-10月,各国活跃火频次与发生时间差异很大。（2）中南半岛五国活跃火地形差异明显,缅甸和越南活跃火集中分布于25 m以下;老挝（85~105 m、140~200 m）、泰国（5~15 m、70~110 m）和柬埔寨（5~15 m、70~110 m）活跃火随海拔呈双峰特征;马来群岛国家（印度尼西亚、马来西亚与菲律宾）活跃火集中分布于60 m以下的平原地带;且东南亚35%以上的活跃火均集中分布5~15°的斜坡。（3）东南亚森林、农田活跃火发生率为76%,其中森林活跃火发生率由柬埔寨的52.00%到老挝的74.27%不等,农田活跃火由老挝的13.18%到泰国的42.68%不等。（4）综合活跃火发生月份、海拔、坡度与覆被特征,可从山区刀耕火种农业与平原秸秆焚烧界定东南亚主要国家活跃火发生类型。（5）东南亚活跃火随人口密度增加呈先增后减至平稳变化的趋势,且多集中于人口稀少的乡村和原始森林,其中缅甸、泰国、越南三国有10%以上的活跃火发生在人口密度为72~91人/km²的区域,而马来西亚、老挝、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚30%以上的活跃火集中发生于人口密度在20人/km²以下的区域。     

Local sustainability processes worldwide: a systematic review of the literature and research agenda

This article presents a systematic literature review of 109 articles (1992–2015) dealing with Local Agenda 21 processes worldwide. It analyzes two essential elements of Local Agenda 21: (1) the holistic approach of the sustainable development concept and (2) the main driving forces behind such processes. It shows that, although at the beginning, sustainability was seen as a natural extension of environmental policy work, it has been perceived over recent years as a guiding principle applied to issues of environment, economic development, and social welfare, and Local Agenda 21 is perceived as a coherent approach to sustainability planning. In addition, Local Government Strategy is the main typology followed, although it suffers from important limitations. Future studies could focus on local sustainability process outcomes. Further quantitative studies would be welcome, given the qualitative case study dominance in the field. We conclude with a research agenda to tackle theoretical, methodological, and empirical lacunae.     

中国小麦生产的区域比较气候风险研究

以减产率〉5．0％界定灾年，分析了中国各省（市、自治区）小麦灾年发生的风险概率、平均减产率和变异系数，及其与全国平均水平相比的区域比较风险度、减产度和变异度。基于以上3个区域灾年减产率的比较指标，得到了区域比较气候风险指标；利用区域比较气候风险对中国小麦生产进行了分区论述，同时得出了小麦总产量损失与播种面积呈显著正相关，与小麦单产只有一般中度相关，而与比较气候风险基本不相关的关系，并指出了区域比较气候风险指标与防灾减灾工作的关系。     

像素法计算土地复垦方案非矢量化土地利用现状图斑面积

土地复垦方案编制过程中,需计算各地类面积,搜集的资料如果仅有非矢量化线条版土地利用现状图,如纸版或jpg、Tif等图像文件,统计各地类图斑块面积手工描图工作量比较大,且精确度不能满足方案需要,常常成为土地复垦方案编制效率提高的制约因素,笔者根据多年从事计算机技术及工程绘图经验,总结并实践了利用像素点法计算不规则形状图斑面积的方法,供环评、土地复垦工作者参考.