不同地貌类型区城镇扩展对土地利用景观格局的影响

基于RS和GIS的支持,以名山县为研究案例,分析与探讨西部经济以农业为主地区城镇扩展的时空特征和不同地貌类型下土地利用景观格局,以期为城镇规划及区域城镇可持续发展提供决策支持。结果显示：1975 ~ 1999 年土地利用类型在不同地貌区的分布格局变化显著。林地面积大幅减少,分布区域向海拔较高地区收缩。居民及建设用地在低丘区增长较快,城镇用地大幅增加,成为影响研究区景观格局的重要要素。农业生产活动向地势较高的区域扩展,中丘区成为农业生产的主要场所,水田和旱地成其主要土地利用方式。高丘区旱地分布面积占首位;园地在低山区分布面积有所增加。1999~2005 年基本维持1999年景观格局,居民及建设用地继续增长,尤其在低丘区表现明显;低丘和中丘区斑块总数减少,各景观要素平均斑块面积增加,形状指数和分维数降低;高丘、低山区水田、旱地减少,园地面积增加.     

Using conditional inference forests to identify the factors affecting crash severity on arterial corridors

Introduction

The study aims at identifying traffic/highway design/driver-vehicle information significantly related with fatal/severe crashes on urban arterials for different crash types. Since the data used in this study are observational (i.e., collected outside the purview of a designed experiment), an information discovery approach is adopted for this study.

Method

Random Forests, which are ensembles of individual trees grown by CART (Classification and Regression Tree) algorithm, are applied in numerous applications for this purpose. Specifically, conditional inference forests have been implemented. In each tree of the conditional inference forest, splits are based on how good the association is. Chi-square test statistics are used to measure the association. Apart from identifying the variables that improve classification accuracy, the methodology also clearly identifies the variables that are neutral to accuracy, and also those that decrease it.

Results

The methodology is quite insightful in identifying the variables of interest in the database (e.g., alcohol/ drug use and higher posted speed limits contribute to severe crashes). Failure to use safety equipment by all passengers and presence of driver/passenger in the vulnerable age group (more than 55 years or less than 3 years) increased the severity of injuries given a crash had occurred. A new variable, ‘element’ has been used in this study, which assigns crashes to segments, intersections, or access points based on the information from site location, traffic control, and presence of signals.

Impact

The authors were able to identify roadway locations where severe crashes tend to occur. For example, segments and access points were found to be riskier for single vehicle crashes. Higher skid resistance and k-factor also contributed toward increased severity of injuries in crashes.     

兴化市生态环境遥感动态监测与分析

基于遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对兴化市的生态环境状况作分析。以2005年和2012年的影像图为数据源,经过图像预处理,通过解译与分类,得到该市2个时期土地利用状况的变化情况。在此基础上,对2个时期的土地利用类型作对比,结果表明,耕地面积减少明显,城镇、农村居民点和其他建设用地面积增加突出。分别计算2个时期的生物丰度指数和植被覆盖指数,并分析了影响生态环境的主要因素。     

矿冶区周边水稻对不同来源重金属污染的指示作用

有色金属开采与冶炼可对周边环境造成严重的重金属污染,查明重金属污染来源对于矿冶周边重金属污染管理与控制具有重要意义.为探索利用矿冶周边水稻对As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu的富集与水稻体内元素的含量平衡特征指示重金属污染来源的可行性,选择了我国著名的水口山Pb-Zn矿山开采与冶炼周边区,根据重金属污染排放和迁移扩散特征,结合当地气象和地貌条件,确定了3个典型采样区,其中两个采样区分别邻近冶炼厂和尾砂库,另一处为位于两者之间的过渡区.采用蛇形采样法在稻田内采集33个成熟水稻及土壤样品,分析水稻不同部位(包括根、茎叶、籽粒)及土壤中As、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu5种重金属和其他16种元素的含量.结果表明,3个采样区之间土壤中的As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量均存在显著性差异;各采样区水稻中除根际和籽粒中Cd含量外,各部位重金属含量也均有显著差异.靠近冶炼厂的水稻茎叶中As、Pb含量高于离冶炼厂较远的采样区水稻茎叶.尽管As、Pb在靠近尾砂库采样区土壤中含量最高,但在该区水稻茎叶中的含量却最低;在除As、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu5种重金属以外的其他16种元素中,水稻根部仅有5种元素含量在各采样区之间存在差异,指示相同的土地利用类型及土壤母质条件;而在茎叶和籽粒中则分别有多达11和10种元素含量出现采样区差异,指示重金属污染来源影响水稻茎叶及籽粒中元素的含量平衡.多元统计分析结果显示,3个采样区水稻茎叶中元素含量平衡存在显著的分异,显示出明显的采样区属性.结合采样区域空间位置、污染物来源、水稻对重金属的富集与转运特征分析,3个采样区重金属主要污染特征可分别确定为水-气混合来源型、大气来源型和尾砂来源型.论文结果证明利用水稻茎叶指示矿冶周边重金属污染来源是可行的.     

Heterogeneity of soil surface ammonium concentration and other characteristics, related to plant specific variability in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem

Heterogeneity and dynamics of eight soil surface characteristics essential for plants—ammonium and nitrate concentrations, water content, temperature, pH, organic matter, nitrification and ammonification rates—were studied in a Mediterranean-type ecosystem on four occasions over a year. Soil properties varied seasonally and were influenced by plant species. Nitrate and ammonium were present in the soil at similar concentrations throughout the year. The positive correlation between them at the time of greatest plant development indicates that ammonium is a readily available nitrogen source in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. The results presented here suggest that plant cover significantly affects soil surface characteristics.     

长江中上游地区生态灾害类型及防灾策略

长江中上游地区在我国经济发展中具有重要的战略地位。多年来这一地区生态环境加剧恶化,严重影响经济的稳定增长。本文从该区的特点出发,论述了生态环境的主要问题,进而提出了相应对策。     

土地利用规划与旅游规划协调研究

就土地利用规划和旅游规划之间难以衔接与协调的问题,依据规划及社会经济发展的基本原则,从"两规"的差异性、"两规"协调的理论和法律依据、"两规"协调的途径三个方面,试图分析和解决这一长期困扰土地利用规划界与旅游规划界的难题.     

地震对公路的危害及防震原则

分析了地震对公路、桥梁的危害,提出了对平原、山区公路和桥梁的防震原则.     

Computer-aided classification of forest cover types from small scale aerial photography

The US National Park Service must map forest cover types over extensive areas in order to fulfill its goal of maintaining or reconstructing presettlement vegetation within national parks and monuments. Furthermore, such cover type maps must be updated on a regular basis to document vegetation changes. Computer-aided classification of small scale aerial photography is a promising technique for generating forest cover type maps efficiently and inexpensively. In this study, seven cover types were classified with an overall accuracy of 62 percent from a reproduction of a 1120,000 color infrared transparency of a conifer-hardwood forest. The results were encouraging, given the degraded quality of the photograph and the fact that features were not centered, as well as the lack of information on lens vignetting characteristics to make corrections. Suggestions are made for resolving these problems in future research and applications. In addition, it is hypothesized that the overall accuracy is artificially low because the computer-aided classification more accurately portrayed the intermixing of cover types than the hand-drawn maps to which it was compared.     

基于MOD16的陕西省蒸散量时空分布特征

基于MOD16 遥感数据集,在ERDAS IMAGINE 2013 遥感图像处理系统的支持下,通过空间建模,计算蒸散多年年平均值和月平均值,并生成图像;结合陕西省矢量边界图、土地利用矢量图,统计不同时间尺度统计行政区域和不同土地利用类型的蒸散值.在ARCGIS 10 系统中,制作陕西省2000-2013 年年、月平均蒸散分布图.利用线性回归进行蒸散时间趋势分析,采用相关系数的统计检验方法进行显著性趋势检验.进而研究了陕西省2000-2013 年蒸散量的空间分布特征和时间变化规律,分析了不同类型下蒸散量的差异性变化特征.结果表明：（1）全省年蒸散量在波动中缓慢上升,波动范围为448.0～533.3 mm·a^-1,年平均值493.3 mm·a^-1.各月蒸散量的年际变化具有季节分异特征,秋末至仲春的月蒸散具有减少的趋势,春末至仲秋的蒸散具有增加的趋势.年内蒸散量呈单峰型分布,季节性变化特征明显,蒸散主要集中在5-9 月份,最高、最低值分别出现在8 月和11 月.（2）多年平均蒸散空间格局呈现北低南高的分布规律,高植被覆盖区蒸散量较大.蒸散变化趋势不明显的面积占77.2%,蒸散显著、极显著增加的像元主要分布在陕北地区、关中地区西部和陕南丘陵浅山区,蒸散显著和极显著减少的像元主要分布在关中城市群.（3）土地利用特点影响着陕西省蒸散量的分布状况,蒸散强度大小按类型排序依次为森林〉草地〉农田〉荒漠.研究结果对于陕西有限水资源的合理利用以及水资源短缺问题的解决、旱涝监测和预警等研究具有重要意义.