长江三角洲都市连绵区边界界定研究

都市连绵区的边界界定对象包括两个方面,都市连绵区的整体空间范围边界界定和内部结构边界界定。对长江三角洲及其周边地区所有的238个县、市、区的就业人口结构和空间分布特征进行主成分分析和聚类分析,探讨相应都市区的结构特征以及都市区的空间组合特征等,进而确定了长江三角洲地区的整体范围边界和内部结构边界。其结论包括①长三角都市连绵区的整体空间范围包括苏州、无锡、宁波的全部以及上海、南京、常州、杭州、镇江、扬州、泰州、南通和绍兴、舟山的部分县市区;②长三角的内部结构可分为三大部分,以上海为中心的环太湖城镇密集区,以南京为中心形成沿长江城镇区,以杭州、宁波为中心形成环杭州湾城镇密集区,其内部边界界线分别以镇江丹徒区、嘉兴—湖州为边界地带。从核心城市上海角度看,整个长江三角洲都市连绵区的内部结构呈现“圈层推进+轴线延伸”的空间特征。     

桂北地区桉树林及其他三种森林类型土壤有机碳含量及密度特征

以桂北地区桉树（Eucalyptus grandis×E.urophylla）林、杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）林、马尾松（Pinus massoniana）林和毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis）林的土层0~60 cm土壤为研究对象,对比分析了4种森林类型的土壤有机碳质量分数及密度分布特征。结果表明：（1）在4种森林类型土层中,有机碳质量分数的最大值[（49.49±1.16）g·kg-1]和最小值[（4.50±0.52）g·kg-1]分别出现在毛竹林土层0~15 cm和马尾松林土层45~60 cm。土层0~60 cm有机碳质量分数平均值按大小顺序排列为：毛竹林（28.16g·kg-1）〉杉木林（25.10 g·kg-1）〉桉树林（14.52 g·kg-1）〉马尾松林（9.56 g·kg-1）。桉树林、杉木林、马尾松林和毛竹林土层0~15 cm有机碳质量分数所占的比例分别为28.29%、39.14%、55.44%和43.94%。（2）4种森林类型土层中有机碳密度的最大值[（6.71±1.72）kg·m-2]和最小值[（1.14±0.11）kg·m-2]分别出现在杉木林土层0~15 cm和马尾松林土层40~60 cm。土层0~60 cm的有机碳密度平均值按大小顺序排列为：杉木林（19.60 kg·m-2）〉毛竹林（18.85 kg·m-2）〉桉树林（12.91 kg·m-2）〉马尾松林（8.47kg·m-2）。桉树林、杉木林、马尾松林和毛竹林土层0~15 cm有机碳密度所占的比例分别为25.12%、34.25%、52.07%和32.64%。4种森林类型土壤有机碳质量分数和有机碳密度均随着土层深度的增加呈降低的趋势。     

吉林西部不同土地利用方式下的生长季土壤CO2排放通量日变化及影响因素

利用GXH-3051A红外线分析仪,采用动态闭合气室法对吉林西部4种土地利用方式下土壤CO2排放通量日变化进行了定位测量,系统分析了环境因子及土壤理化性质等因素对土壤CO2排放通量日变化的影响。结果表明,水田、旱田、草地和盐碱地土壤CO2排放通量日变化均呈单峰曲线,但排放通量的日均值有较大差异,其中水田和草地排放量较高,分别为1．69μmol·m-2．S-1和1．24μmaol·m-2s-1;旱田和盐碱地较低,为0．50μmol·m-2．S-1和0．63μmol·m-2．S-1。各地类土壤C02排放通量的日均值与其每天上午10：00土壤CO2排放通量值最为接近,即可用该时间测得的土壤CO2排放通量估测日平均值。土地利用方式和大气温度是造成土壤CO2日排放通量差异的主要因素,多年来该区土地利用方式的变化,改变了土壤表层10cm内的土层温度、土壤含水率、有机碳含量、水解氮含量,进而影响土壤呼吸和CO2排放通量;区内水田土壤CO2排放通量与温度的相关性最高（R2=0．8375）,其次为旱田和草地。     

The impact of fragmentation and density regulation on forest succession in the Atlantic rain forest

The Atlantic Rain Forest, an important biodiversity hot spot, has faced severe habitat loss since the last century which has resulted in a highly fragmented landscape with a large number of small forest patches (<100 ha). For conservation planning it is essential to understand how current and future forest regeneration depends on ecological processes, fragment size and the connection to the regional seed pool. We have investigated the following questions by applying the forest growth simulation model FORMIND to the situation of the Atlantic Forest in the state of São Paulo, SE Brazil: (1) which set of parameters describing the local regeneration and level of density regulation can reproduce the biomass distribution and stem density of an old growth forest in a reserve? (2) Which additional processes apart from those describing the dynamics of an old growth forest, drive forest succession of small isolated fragments? (3) Which role does external seed input play during succession? Therefore, more than 300 tree species have been classified into nine plant functional types (PFTs), which are characterized by maximum potential height and shade tolerance. We differentiate between two seed dispersal modes: (i) local dispersal, i.e. all seedlings originated from fertile trees within the simulated area and (ii) external seed rain. Local seed dispersal has been parameterized following the pattern oriented approach, using biomass estimates of old growth forest. We have found that moderate density regulation is essential to achieve coexistence for a broad range of regeneration parameters. Considering the expected uncertainty and variability in the regeneration processes it is important that the forest dynamics are robust to variations in the regeneration parameters. Furthermore, edge effects such as increased mortality at the border and external seed rain have been necessary to reproduce the patterns for small isolated fragments. Overall, simulated biomass is much lower in the fragments compared to the continuous forest, whereas shade tolerant species are affected most strongly by fragmentation. Our simulations can supplement empirical studies by extrapolating local knowledge on edge effects of fragments to larger temporal and spatial scales. In particular our results show the importance of external seed rain and therefore highlight the importance of structural connectivity between regenerating fragments and mature forest stands.     

不同生态区土壤溶磷微生物的分布特征及影响因子

研究了盐渍区、重金属污染区和磷矿区土壤中溶磷微生物的数量、组成及与部分土壤化学因子的关系。结果表明,溶磷微生物在不同生态区土壤中的分布各不相同,磷矿区土壤中溶磷微生物数量和种群丰度普遍高于重金属污染区和盐渍区,但优势种属间数量差异不明显。重金属污染土壤中溶磷细菌比例较高,但种群单一,主要以巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)为优势种,重金属污染区溶磷细菌比例与土壤重金属综合污染指数呈显著正相关(P<0.01),溶磷细菌丰度与有机质含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。盐渍土中溶磷细菌比例小,优势种群为巨大芽孢杆菌、假单胞杆菌属(Pseudomonassp.)和黄单胞杆菌属(Flavobacteriumsp.),其数量和种群丰度分别与有机质和有效磷含量呈显著相关关系(P<0.05)。     

Ecological Analysis of Spleen Hypertrophy in Cyclomorphic Rodents Taking into Account the Type of Ontogeny

The functional approach at the level of physiological functional groups (PFGs) reflecting two types of ontogeny was used to analyze spleen hypertrophy in five species of rodents. In addition to a wide variation of spleen weight, its hypertrophy was observed: in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), the spleen weight was as great as 3.5 g versus the normal value of 100–150 mg. The variation range of the relative spleen weight was estimated. For example, in the dominant species, C. glareolus, this range was considerable (from 2 to 125). A distinct relationship with the types of animal ontogeny was revealed. The genus specificity of the phenomenon—its occurrence in three species of Clethrionomys voles and absence in Microtus voles and mice—was determined in the study region. The animals with normal and hypertrophied spleens did not differ from each other significantly in their vital activity (at least, with respect to the parameters studied). The voles with hypertrophied spleens normally reproduced, and the hypertrophy was asymptomatic. These findings suggest that the populations have adapted to a damaging factor (or factors) in the course of a prolonged coevolution. This parameter is regarded as the indicator of the presence of a damaging factor in the population.     

Alternative Types of Ontogeny in Cyclomorphic Rodents and Their Role in Population Dynamics: An Ecological Analysis

Two alternative ontogenetic pathways regularly effected in the populations of small mammals are analyzed as a manifestation of developmental multiversality. The types of ontogeny in rodents are characterized. These data are reflected in the concept of the functional approach. Multiversality of development in plants and animals is considered. Based on the results of long-term (26-year) observations on the natural populations of six rodent species, the dynamics of relationships between the types of ontogeny, abundance, and basic population parameters are analyzed using an example of a background species (Clethrionomys glareolus). A trigger mechanism of switching to a certain type of ontogeny, the role of environmental factors in actuating this mechanism, and the role of the genotype as a basis of multivalence are discussed. The existence of two developmental variants is regarded as a basis for functional rearrangements providing for a high flexibility of population responses and as a mechanism of population regulation determining the dynamics of rodent fauna. An adaptive population response to a board spectrum of influences, including anthropogenic damage, depends not only on the type and strength of the influence, but also on the functional structure of the population. The concepts described in the paper may explain the significance of critical periods in the life of populations.     

长江产业带开发区现状特点与发展前景

长江产业带开发区处于超常规发展期，以工业开发为主导，开发水平不断提高，地区之间发展不平衡。开发区总方向应坚持以工业、外贸、出口为主的方针，以浦东为龙头，发挥地区优势，加快发展外向型经济，推动长江产业带经济发展。开发区大体划分为六种类型：工业加工型、高新技术产业型、贸易型、工业港口型、综合型和度假型     

江西潭坑铅锌(银)矿床特征及成因分析

江西省潭坑铅锌(银)矿区位于北武夷铅锌银成矿带内,本文系统阐述了矿区地质和矿床特征,并对矿床的成因进行了探讨。认为本区铅锌(银)矿床,经历了火山喷发沉积和后期热液充填两大成矿期,与次火山岩体(流纹斑岩)有密切的关系,属次火山热液矿床。     

东部湿润区典型小流域土地利用的土壤水效应

不同土地利用类型下土壤水变化机制对流域水文过程与生态环境有较大影响。基于我国东部湿润区野外综合观测土壤墒情数据,探讨了不同土地利用类型下土壤水的动态变化特征。结果表明：（1）总体上,杨梅林土壤含水量在32%~37%之间波动;农田土壤含水量在20%~30%波动。坡耕地土壤含水量稳定在27%~35%之间;竹林土层土壤含水量大致稳定在25%~32%之间。垂直剖面上,表层（10 cm、20 cm）土壤水分变化大,深层（60~80 cm）土壤水分变化较小。表层土壤水分时间变化特征的波动幅度较深层土壤大。（2）不同降雨强度下,竹林土壤水分对降雨的响应程度大于杨梅林、农田和坡耕地。降雨强度越大,土壤水分响应程度越大;降雨停止后,土壤水分消退起伏下降,深层土壤水分变化较表层稳定。（3）通过增墒系数和减墒系数对土壤水分变化进行量化,发现竹林的消退最明显,其余三种土地利用类型变化幅度相当。杨梅林、农田和竹林均是表层变化较深层大,坡耕地变化更为复杂。研究结果将为我国东部湿润地区产汇流机理及防洪减灾研究提供一定参考。