纳米氢氧化铝三相泡沫制备研究*

为更好地解决煤矿采空区煤炭自燃问题,以十二烷基硫酸钠为主体进行发泡剂复配,通过泡沫性能测试实验,研制出高性能发泡剂。以纳米氢氧化铝作为固相颗粒,制备出发泡倍数高、稳定性强的纳米氢氧化铝三相泡沫,使用锥形量热仪研究其高温阻燃能力和消烟性能。实验结果表明:当纳米氢氧化铝的质量分数从0提高到1%时,泡沫体积从500 mL增长至830 mL;当质量分数从3%提高到4%时,泡沫析液半衰期由15 min提升至42 min,且能在完全析液后保留三维网状结构。在高温阻燃和消烟能力方面,纳米氢氧化铝三相泡沫的加入将点燃时间从24 s延长至87 s,持续燃烧时间从835 s缩短至325 s,热释放速率高峰值从97.2 kW/m2降低至49.8 kW/m2,烟气生成速率峰值从0.064 m2/s降低至0.012 m2/s,对CO,CO2释放速率也有一定抑制作用。     

Novel synthesis of aluminum hydroxide gel-coated nano zero-valent iron and studies of its activity in flocculation-enhanced removal of tetracycline

A newly designed aluminum hydroxide gel-coated nanoscale zero-valent iron(AHG@NZVI)with enhanced activity and dispersibility of NZVI was successfully synthesized.The AHG@NZVI composite was synthesized via control of the surface AHG content.AHG@NZVI-1,AHG@NZVI-2 and AHG@NZVI-3 were prepared under centrifugal mixing speeds of 1000,2000 and 4000 r/min,respectively.The activity of AHG@NZVI was evaluated by its tetracycline(TC) removal efficiency.The effects of AHG content,pH value,reaction temperature,and presence of competitive anions on TC removal were investigated.TC could be removed by both adsorption and chemical reduction on AHG@NZVI-2(centrifugal speed 2000 r/min) in a short time with high removal efficiency(≥98.1%) at the optimal conditions.Such excellent performance can be attributed to a synergistic interaction between aluminum hydroxide gel and NZVI:(1) AHG could enhance the stability and dispersity of NZVI;(2) aluminum hydroxide gel could absorb a certain amount of TC and Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+),which facilitated the mass transfer of TC onto the NZVI surface,resulting in acceleration of the reduction rate of TC by the AHG@NZVI composite;and(3) AHG-Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+)could absorb a certain amount of TC by flocculation.The kinetics of TC removal by AHG@NZVI composite was found to follow a two-parameter pseudo-first-order model.The presence of competitive anions slightly inhibited the activity of AHG@NZVI systems for TC removal.Overall,this study provides a promising alternative material and environmental pollution management option for antibiotic wastewater treatment.     

Highly efficient and selective removal of low-concentration antibiotics from aqueous solution by regenerable Mg(OH)2

The prevalent presence of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in aquatic environments has attracted considerable attention because of their harmful effects on humans and the ecological environment. Magnesium hydroxide nanocrystals were found to act as a simple and effective adsorbent to remove low-concentration ciprofloxacin (CIP) in aqueous solution. The as-prepared Mg(OH)₂ nanocrystals exhibited excellent CIP adsorption performance and high selectivity toward CIP molecules compared with other antibiotics or aromatics, e.g., norfloxacin (NOR) and eosin B (EB). The adsorbent showed pH-dependent adsorption, indicating that the adsorption process is probably dominated by an electrostatic interaction mechanism. In addition, structural analysis of the adsorbent indicated that coordination and hydrogen bonding between CIP and Mg(OH)₂ nanocrystal might also be involved in the adsorption process. Moreover, the adsorbent could be easily recovered by pyrolysis and hydration without significant reduction of adsorption capacity. The superior adsorption behavior of Mg(OH)₂ nanocrystal indicates that it may serve as a potential adsorbent material candidate for the selective removal of CIP from aquatic environments.     

镧对铅胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化酶活性的影响

在铅胁迫的条件下 ,研究了镧对小麦幼苗生长期地上部分及根系超氧化物岐化酶 (SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)的活性、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛 (MDA)的含量以及对植物生长的影响 .实验在严格控制的人工气候室进行 1 2d .Pb(NO) 3 处理量为 0 ,5 0 ,1 0 0mg·l- 1.在第二天至实验结束的研究结果表明 ,加La组与对照组比较有明显差异 ,根系的SOD和CAT各增加 0 4 5— 1 6 5倍和 32 2— 77 77% ,MDA减少 1 1 0 5—2 7 4 9% .当有铅胁迫时 ,在 0— 5d内 ,与对照组比较 ,镧使小麦幼苗的地上部分及根系的SOD和CAT有少量的但有统计学意义的增加 (p <0 0 5 ) ,MDA含量则减少 .表明La(NO3 ) 3 使抗氧化酶提高 ,增加了小麦抗铅胁迫的能力 ,但是只是在胁迫初期和胁迫不很严重的条件下 ,才具有这一作用 .     

光催化转化并回收水中农药有机磷

经溶胶-凝胶法制备不同镧（La）掺杂量的二氧化钛（TiO₂）,得到光催化转化吸附回收有机磷的复合材料.结果表明,La与TiO₂掺杂物质的量比为0.002并经过煅烧和掺杂物质的量比为0.02未经煅烧的2种材料,以6：4的比例混合,所得复合材料La@TiO₂（6：4）为粒径约13nm的锐钛矿型TiO₂,表面有球形聚集体但分布较均匀,其光谱范围较纯TiO₂发生红移,因而光催化效率提高.当有机磷浓度20mg/L、La@TiO₂（6：4）投加量为1g/L、溶液pH值为9时,有机磷回收率最高达85%.溶液中的NO₃^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-对磷回收影响不大,CO₃^2-有抑制作用;材料经解吸后可多次重复利用.研究表明La@TiO₂（6：4）为有前景的有机磷回收复合材料.     

Waste activated sludge hydrolysis and acidification: A comparison between sodium hydroxide and steel slag addition

Alkaline treatment with steel slag and NaOH addition were investigated under different pH conditions for the fermentation of waste activated sludge. Better performance was achieved in steel slag addition scenarios for both sludge hydrolysis and acidification. More solubilization of organic matters and much production of higher VFA (volatile fatty acid) in a shorter time can be achieved at pH 10 when adjusted by steel slag. Higher enzyme activities were also observed in steel slag addition scenarios under the same pH conditions. Phosphorus concentration in the supernatant increased with fermentation time and pH in NaOH addition scenarios, while in contrast most phosphorus was released and captured by steel slag simultaneously in steel slag addition scenarios. These results suggest that steel slag can be used as a substitute for NaOH in sludge alkaline treatment.     

镧对酸雨胁迫下水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响

为了明晰稀土提高植物抗酸性的内在机制,采用水培法研究了镧(La,15 mg·L~(-1))对酸雨(AR,pH=3.5、2.5)胁迫下水稻叶片质膜H+-ATPase活性的影响.结果显示:与CK相比,pH=3.5 AR组水稻相对生长速率减小,质膜H+-ATPase活性升高,胞内H+增多,CAT活性升高,H_2O_2和MDA含量升高,质膜脂肪酸不饱和度指数(IUFA)降低.La+pH 3.5 AR组水稻各项指标优于pH=3.5 AR组,表明La促使AR下质膜H+-ATPase活性升高,将胞内过多的H+泵出,减缓AR伤害,维持水稻正常生长.另外,La能增强CAT活性,清除过多的H_2O_2,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,使质膜IUFA升高,膜的流动性增强,提高质膜H+-ATPase活性.pH=2.5 AR组水稻相对生长速率、质膜H+-ATPase活性、CAT活性与质膜IUFA均降低,而胞内H+、H_2O_2和MDA含量升高.La+pH 2.5 AR组与pH=2.5 AR组水稻各指标均无明显差异,La对pH=3.5 AR组的缓解效果优于pH=2.5 AR组.综上可知,La对AR下质膜H+-ATPase活性的调节增强了植物耐酸性,这与La能维持AR下较好的质膜环境有关.同时,La的调控效果受AR强度限制.     

硝酸镧对铜绿微囊藻生长特性的影响

在实验室内利用BG₁₁培养液培养,研究了不同硝酸镧[La(NO₃)₃]浓度下铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)FACHB526的生长特性,并在实验后期测定了藻细胞中的藻毒素含量.以藻细胞数和叶绿素a含量所表示的最大比生长率和最大现存量为指标,在一定浓度范围内,La(NO₃)₃可明显刺激铜绿微囊藻FACHB526的生长.但当培养液中La(NO₃)₃浓度很高时(125000g/L),却对铜绿微囊藻FACHB526的生长表现出明显的抑制作用.稀土盐类La(NO₃)₃对藻生长的低浓度刺激和高浓度抑制效应对全面了解水华爆发机制有一定的意义.从FACHB526藻中可分离检测出4种藻毒素变型MC-LR,MC-RR,MC-LW,MC-LF.     

改性粉煤灰对活性艳兰染料吸附性能的研究

采用添加熟石灰并升温活化的方法对粉煤灰进行改性,研究了粉煤灰改性的适宜条件及其对活性艳兰染料的吸附脱色规律。试验结果表明,活性艳兰染料溶液浓度60mg/L,改性粉煤灰用量40g/L,pH范围5~10,搅拌吸附时间30min,脱色率可达98%以上。改性粉煤灰对活性艳兰染料的脱色吸附符合Freundlich方程。随着吸附温度的升高,改性粉煤灰的吸附能力下降。     

氢氧化镧-天然沸石复合材料对水中低浓度磷酸盐的吸附作用

采用液相沉淀法将氢氧化镧和天然沸石进行复合,制备得到镧-沸石复合材料,并通过批量吸附实验考察了该复合材料对水中磷酸盐的吸附作用,特别是考察了该复合材料去除水中低浓度磷酸盐的影响因素.结果表明,当制备复合材料时沉淀pH值为5~7或13时,复合材料对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力较差;当沉淀pH值控制为9~12,复合材料对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力较好,且当沉淀pH值由9增加到11时,复合材料的吸磷能力明显增加,继续增加pH值由11~12时,复合材料的吸磷能力基本不变.沉淀pH值为11时制备的镧-沸石复合材料对水中磷酸盐的吸附平衡数据可以较好地采用Langmuir模型加以描述,根据Langmuir模型预测的最大磷酸盐吸附量为44 mg·g~(-1)(磷酸盐溶液pH 7和反应温度30℃);该复合材料对水中低浓度磷酸盐的吸附动力学可以较好地采用准二级动力学模型加以描述.当磷酸盐溶液pH值由3增加到8时,沉淀pH值为11条件下制备得到的镧-沸石复合材料对低浓度磷酸盐的吸附能力增加,继续增加磷酸盐溶液pH值时,该复合材料对磷酸盐的吸附能力下降;与磷酸盐溶液共存的氯离子和硫酸根离子不会抑制该复合材料对低浓度磷酸盐的吸附,而碳酸氢根离子则会略微抑制该复合材料对磷酸盐的吸附;与磷酸盐溶液共存的腐殖酸会抑制该复合材料对水中低浓度磷酸盐的吸附.当磷酸盐溶液pH值为7时,沉淀pH值为11时镧-沸石复合材料吸附磷酸盐的机制主要为配位体交换作用.因此,沉淀pH值为11时制备得到的镧-沸石复合材料适合作为吸附剂去除水和废水中低浓度磷酸盐.