煤矸石对盐碱土壤理化性质的改良效果

盐碱土壤物理结构差,植物成活率低,煤矸石具有改善盐碱土壤物理结构和化学性质的潜力,将煤矸石应用于盐碱地,能够达到煤矸石废弃资源循环利用和盐碱地改良的双重效果。为阐明煤矸石对盐碱土壤的改良效果和对土壤物理化学性质的影响,将不同用量(0、10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)和不同粒径(小粒径<1 mm、中粒径1—5 mm、大粒径>5 mm以及小中大等比例混合粒径)煤矸石施用于盐碱土壤,通过紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)盆栽试验,测定土壤的物理化学性质。结果表明,随着煤矸石用量的增加,紫花苜蓿株高和生物量呈现先增后减的趋势,20%用量煤矸石处理的株高和生物量分别比对照平均提高了21.45%和25.89%;团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)呈现先减后增再减的趋势;土壤饱和含水量、田间持水量呈现先稳定后降低的趋势;土壤EC值、pH值、碱解氮含量呈现持续降低的趋势,其中20%用量煤矸石处理的土壤pH比对照平均下降了0.51个pH单位;土壤总碳、总氮、总磷、有效磷含量呈现持续上升的趋势。从粒径角度考虑,对土壤EC、pH降幅以及团聚体含量、总养分、速效养分含量,小粒径>混合粒径≈中粒径>大粒径。土壤综合指数(SQI)随煤矸石用量增加先升后降;各粒径煤矸石处理下的SQI峰值大小表现为小粒径>混合粒径>中粒径>大粒径;20%用量下小粒径和混合粒径煤矸石处理的土壤SQI最高,分别比对照显著提高了68.27%和57.13%。综上,煤矸石可以改良盐碱土壤质量,促进植物生长,20%用量的小粒径和混合粒径煤矸石效果最好。     

Revisiting the elemental composition and the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes

In this work, the elemental content (C, N, H, S, O), the organic matter content and the calorific value of various organic components that are commonly found in the municipal solid waste stream were measured. The objective of this work was to develop an empirical equation to describe the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste as a function of its elemental composition. The MSW components were grouped into paper wastes, food wastes, yard wastes and plastics. Sample sizes ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 kg. In addition to the above individual components, commingled municipal solid wastes were sampled from a bio-drying facility located in Crete (sample sizes ranged from 8 to 15 kg) and were analyzed for the same parameters. Based on the results of this work, an improved empirical model was developed that revealed that carbon, hydrogen and oxygen were the only statistically significant predictors of calorific value. Total organic carbon was statistically similar to total carbon for most materials in this work. The carbon to organic matter ratio of 26 municipal solid waste substrates and of 18 organic composts varied from 0.40 to 0.99. An approximate chemical empirical formula calculated for the organic fraction of commingled municipal solid wastes was C₃₂NH₅₅O₁₆.     

花果期持续受渍对油菜生长、产量与含油量的影响

油菜是江汉平原广泛栽培的越冬作物，在春季雨水较多时常遭遇持续受渍胁迫，对产量有明显影响。为了探索春季油菜田的排水管理，取得较高产量，通过测坑试验和小区试验，初步研究了花果斯持续受渍对油菜生长，产量和含油量的影响。结果表明：油菜花果期持续受渍，主要是通过单株的有效角果数，千粒重等因素影响产量；随着持续受渍时间的延长，各受渍处理的单株有效角果数减少，千粒重降低，产量下降，与对照相比，较短时间（比如2天）持续受渍对油菜生长发育，产量形成以及籽粒含油量影响不大，但较长时期持续受渍会对油菜的这些方面产生不良影响，此类水分胁迫是生产上重点防治的对象。因此，在考虑地下水位动脉及其作用时间对油菜影响的排渍指标研究中，应主要从持续受渍程度对产量的影响方面建立关系，确定适宜的新型排渍指标。     

THE STATE OF LOUISIANA SUPERPORT AUTHORITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLAN – OIL AND OYSTERS1

ABSTRACT: The State of Louisiana created in 1972 the Deep Draft Harbor and Terminal Authority (commonly called Superport Authority) to plan, promote, and develop a deepwater (crude oil) terminal off the coast of Louisiana, and empowered it to establish an Authority development program to promote the economic and social welfare of its citizens. Simultaneously, the Authority was also charged with developing an environmental protection plan to preserve the environmental values of Louisiana's unique coastal marshland while permitting beneficial industrial and economic development. Consequently, in January 1974, an Environmental Protection Plan was promulgated, consisting of a series of regulations, design standards, and operating procedures aimed specifically at protecting the fragile estuarine environment of coastal Louisiana during the construction and ultimate operation of the superport. The paper describes the development of the Superport Authority's Environmental Protection Plan and the current status of the superport project.     

广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg的含量及变化趋势

测定了95份土壤样品、94份水样以及292份蔬菜样品中汞的含量,探讨了广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg污染状况.发现蔬菜中的Hg含量与土壤中的Hg含量较为密切.广州市土壤、蔬菜中Hg的含量水平均比过去大幅度降低.蔬菜中Hg含量与其它城市比较,污染情况较轻,处于其它城市的中低水平.     

Correlating the Spatial Distribution of Atmospheric Ammonia with δ15N Values at an Ammonia Release Site

A field ammonia (NH₃) release experiment and open top chambers containing moorland monoliths continuously fumigated with NH₃ or sprayed with NH₄Cl were used to assess the potential for using ¹⁵N values in determining the area of influence around a point NH₃ emission source. ¹⁵N values are being increasingly used as environmental tracers and we tested the hypothesis that the ¹⁵N signal from an NH₃ emission source is observable in nearby vegetation. Using modified monitoring devices, atmospheric NH₃ concentrations were found to decrease with distance from source, with ¹⁵N values also reflecting this trend, producing a signal shift with changing concentration. Open top chamber studies of ¹⁵N values of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull indicated a correlation with deposition treatments in current year shoots. Analysis of Calluna shoots from the NH₃ release showed a similar trend of ¹⁵N enrichment. Significant linear correlations between ¹⁵N and percent N in plant material were found, both in the controlled conditions of the open top chambers and at the NH₃ release site, illustrating the possible use of this technique in N deposition biomonitoring.     

硅藻土水处理剂对采出水絮凝试验

不同加药量的采出水絮凝试验表明:硅藻土是一种能够用于采出水处理工艺的新型药剂,絮凝沉降后水的浊度可降低到1NTU左右,悬浮物的体积浓度降低到0.0005%以下,颗粒物的分布特征值向有利于通过过滤工艺去除的大尺度方向变化。适当的加药量为50mg/L。     

DIFFERENCES IN WARM-SEASON,RAINSTORM-GENERATED STORMFLOWS FOR NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS URBANIZED BASINS1

ABSTRACT: Precipitation, streamflow, and population data were analyzed over the 1941–1990 period to determine whether changes in stormflows and net (post. minus pre-rainstorm) stormflows, associated with warm-season large rainstorms, were similar for two urbanized northeastern Illinois basins. Warm season large rainstorms were defined as April through October rainfall events in which ? 5.1 cm occurred in a 48-hour period over the basin. To minimize differences associated with varying large rainstorm amounts over time, the net sthrmflow for each event was divided by the large rainstorm amount. This ratio, Ui, indicated that the two urbanized basins experienced significant, yet different, increases (102 percent and 49 percent) in flow amount per centimeter of rainfall from 1941–1965 to 1966–1990. Results of a regression analysis between Ui and population showed that the increase in U_i per 100,000 increase in population ranged from 0.59 to 0.67 m³s^-1 per cm of rainfall for the two basins. These results demonstrate the varying degree of change that urban planners can expect in stormflows associated with large warm season rainstorms for areas undergoing urbanization.     

四川原煤及其废渣与制品放射性的测试分析

本文介绍了四川原煤及其废渣与制品的γ辐射剂量率、附加γ辐射人均年有效剂量量。同时,用低本底Ge(Li)多道γ能谱仪测定了原煤、矸粉与矸砖,煤渣与煤渣砖、粉煤灰及粘土砖等样品中的天然放射性核素~(238)U,~(232)Th,~(226)Ra,~(40)K的比活度。经比较和研究,找出了这些物质的放射性水平及它们彼此之间的规律。     

Kinetics of Aerobic Polymer Degradation in Soil by Means of the ASTM D 5988-96 Standard Method

The standard test method ASTM D 5988-96 for determining the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in contact with soil was applied to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(-caprolactone). The method proved to be reliable and supplied reproducible measurements of CO₂ production, provided potassium (instead of barium) hydroxide was used as a trapping solution. The trends of CO₂ evolution, as a function of time, observed for the degradation of polymer powders in soil are similar to those predicted by simple first order kinetics in solution. The experimental data are described by a Michaelis–Menten type model, which accounts for the heterogeneity of the polymer-soil system. The kinetic equation deduced predicts the degradation rate to the proportional to the exposed polymer surface area.